Merge branch 'ep/shell-command-substitution-style'

A shell script style update to change `command substitution` into
$(command substitution).  Coverts contrib/ and much of the t/
directory contents.

* ep/shell-command-substitution-style: (92 commits)
  t9901-git-web--browse.sh: use the $( ... ) construct for command substitution
  t9501-gitweb-standalone-http-status.sh: use the $( ... ) construct for command substitution
  t9350-fast-export.sh: use the $( ... ) construct for command substitution
  t9300-fast-import.sh: use the $( ... ) construct for command substitution
  t9150-svk-mergetickets.sh: use the $( ... ) construct for command substitution
  t9145-git-svn-master-branch.sh: use the $( ... ) construct for command substitution
  t9138-git-svn-authors-prog.sh: use the $( ... ) construct for command substitution
  t9137-git-svn-dcommit-clobber-series.sh: use the $( ... ) construct for command substitution
  t9132-git-svn-broken-symlink.sh: use the $( ... ) construct for command substitution
  t9130-git-svn-authors-file.sh: use the $( ... ) construct for command substitution
  t9129-git-svn-i18n-commitencoding.sh: use the $( ... ) construct for command substitution
  t9119-git-svn-info.sh: use the $( ... ) construct for command substitution
  t9118-git-svn-funky-branch-names.sh: use the $( ... ) construct for command substitution
  t9114-git-svn-dcommit-merge.sh: use the $( ... ) construct for command substitution
  t9110-git-svn-use-svm-props.sh: use the $( ... ) construct for command substitution
  t9109-git-svn-multi-glob.sh: use the $( ... ) construct for command substitution
  t9108-git-svn-glob.sh: use the $( ... ) construct for command substitution
  t9107-git-svn-migrate.sh: use the $( ... ) construct for command substitution
  t9105-git-svn-commit-diff.sh: use the $( ... ) construct for command substitution
  t9104-git-svn-follow-parent.sh: use the $( ... ) construct for command substitution
  ...

82 files changed, 377 insertions, 377 deletions

diff --git a/t/lib-httpd.sh b/t/lib-httpd.sh
index e9714467d..f9f3e5fd8 100644
--- a/t/lib-httpd.sh
+++ b/t/lib-httpd.sh
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ then
 	test_skip_or_die $GIT_TEST_HTTPD "no web server found at '$LIB_HTTPD_PATH'"
 fi
 
-HTTPD_VERSION=`$LIB_HTTPD_PATH -v | \
-	sed -n 's/^Server version: Apache\/\([0-9]*\)\..*$/\1/p; q'`
+HTTPD_VERSION=$($LIB_HTTPD_PATH -v | \
+	sed -n 's/^Server version: Apache\/\([0-9]*\)\..*$/\1/p; q')
 
 if test -n "$HTTPD_VERSION"
 then
diff --git a/t/t1100-commit-tree-options.sh b/t/t1100-commit-tree-options.sh
index f8457f9d1..b7e9b4fc5 100755
--- a/t/t1100-commit-tree-options.sh
+++ b/t/t1100-commit-tree-options.sh
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ test_expect_success \
      GIT_COMMITTER_NAME="Committer Name" \
      GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL="committer@email" \
      GIT_COMMITTER_DATE="2005-05-26 23:30" \
-     TZ=GMT git commit-tree `cat treeid` >commitid 2>/dev/null'
+     TZ=GMT git commit-tree $(cat treeid) >commitid 2>/dev/null'
 
 test_expect_success \
     'read commit' \
-    'git cat-file commit `cat commitid` >commit'
+    'git cat-file commit $(cat commitid) >commit'
 
 test_expect_success \
     'compare commit' \
diff --git a/t/t1401-symbolic-ref.sh b/t/t1401-symbolic-ref.sh
index 1f0dff3a0..ce8b4f4d0 100755
--- a/t/t1401-symbolic-ref.sh
+++ b/t/t1401-symbolic-ref.sh
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ reset_to_sane
 
 test_expect_success 'symbolic-ref refuses bare sha1' '
 	echo content >file && git add file && git commit -m one &&
-	test_must_fail git symbolic-ref HEAD `git rev-parse HEAD`
+	test_must_fail git symbolic-ref HEAD $(git rev-parse HEAD)
 '
 reset_to_sane
 
diff --git a/t/t1410-reflog.sh b/t/t1410-reflog.sh
index 17a194bfa..c623824b4 100755
--- a/t/t1410-reflog.sh
+++ b/t/t1410-reflog.sh
@@ -62,18 +62,18 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 	git add . &&
 
 	test_tick && git commit -m rabbit &&
-	H=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD` &&
-	A=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD:A` &&
-	B=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD:A/B` &&
-	C=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD:C` &&
-	D=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD:A/D` &&
-	E=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD:A/B/E` &&
+	H=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
+	A=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD:A) &&
+	B=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD:A/B) &&
+	C=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD:C) &&
+	D=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD:A/D) &&
+	E=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD:A/B/E) &&
 	check_fsck &&
 
 	test_chmod +x C &&
 	git add C &&
 	test_tick && git commit -m dragon &&
-	L=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD` &&
+	L=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
 	check_fsck &&
 
 	rm -f C A/B/E &&
@@ -81,15 +81,15 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 	echo horse >A/G &&
 	git add F A/G &&
 	test_tick && git commit -a -m sheep &&
-	F=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD:F` &&
-	G=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD:A/G` &&
-	I=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD:A` &&
-	J=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD` &&
+	F=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD:F) &&
+	G=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD:A/G) &&
+	I=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD:A) &&
+	J=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
 	check_fsck &&
 
 	rm -f A/G &&
 	test_tick && git commit -a -m monkey &&
-	K=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD` &&
+	K=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
 	check_fsck &&
 
 	check_have A B C D E F G H I J K L &&
diff --git a/t/t1511-rev-parse-caret.sh b/t/t1511-rev-parse-caret.sh
index 15973f209..7043ba794 100755
--- a/t/t1511-rev-parse-caret.sh
+++ b/t/t1511-rev-parse-caret.sh
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ test_description='tests for ref^{stuff}'
 
 test_expect_success 'setup' '
 	echo blob >a-blob &&
-	git tag -a -m blob blob-tag `git hash-object -w a-blob` &&
+	git tag -a -m blob blob-tag $(git hash-object -w a-blob) &&
 	mkdir a-tree &&
 	echo moreblobs >a-tree/another-blob &&
 	git add . &&
-	TREE_SHA1=`git write-tree` &&
+	TREE_SHA1=$(git write-tree) &&
 	git tag -a -m tree tree-tag "$TREE_SHA1" &&
 	git commit -m Initial &&
 	git tag -a -m commit commit-tag &&
diff --git a/t/t1512-rev-parse-disambiguation.sh b/t/t1512-rev-parse-disambiguation.sh
index 4a155c8d0..e221167cf 100755
--- a/t/t1512-rev-parse-disambiguation.sh
+++ b/t/t1512-rev-parse-disambiguation.sh
@@ -275,19 +275,19 @@ test_expect_success 'rev-parse --disambiguate' '
 
 test_expect_success 'ambiguous 40-hex ref' '
 	TREE=$(git mktree </dev/null) &&
-	REF=`git rev-parse HEAD` &&
+	REF=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	VAL=$(git commit-tree $TREE </dev/null) &&
 	git update-ref refs/heads/$REF $VAL &&
-	test `git rev-parse $REF 2>err` = $REF &&
+	test $(git rev-parse $REF 2>err) = $REF &&
 	grep "refname.*${REF}.*ambiguous" err
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'ambiguous short sha1 ref' '
 	TREE=$(git mktree </dev/null) &&
-	REF=`git rev-parse --short HEAD` &&
+	REF=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) &&
 	VAL=$(git commit-tree $TREE </dev/null) &&
 	git update-ref refs/heads/$REF $VAL &&
-	test `git rev-parse $REF 2>err` = $VAL &&
+	test $(git rev-parse $REF 2>err) = $VAL &&
 	grep "refname.*${REF}.*ambiguous" err
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t1700-split-index.sh b/t/t1700-split-index.sh
index 193d55c3f..8aef49f23 100755
--- a/t/t1700-split-index.sh
+++ b/t/t1700-split-index.sh
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ test_expect_success 'disable split index' '
 EOF
 	test_cmp ls-files.expect ls-files.actual &&
 
-	BASE=`test-dump-split-index .git/index | grep "^own" | sed "s/own/base/"` &&
+	BASE=$(test-dump-split-index .git/index | grep "^own" | sed "s/own/base/") &&
 	test-dump-split-index .git/index | sed "/^own/d" >actual &&
 	cat >expect <<EOF &&
 not a split index
diff --git a/t/t2025-worktree-add.sh b/t/t2025-worktree-add.sh
index 369417498..0a804dab6 100755
--- a/t/t2025-worktree-add.sh
+++ b/t/t2025-worktree-add.sh
@@ -123,10 +123,10 @@ test_expect_success 'checkout from a bare repo without "add"' '
 test_expect_success 'checkout with grafts' '
 	test_when_finished rm .git/info/grafts &&
 	test_commit abc &&
-	SHA1=`git rev-parse HEAD` &&
+	SHA1=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	test_commit def &&
 	test_commit xyz &&
-	echo "`git rev-parse HEAD` $SHA1" >.git/info/grafts &&
+	echo "$(git rev-parse HEAD) $SHA1" >.git/info/grafts &&
 	cat >expected <<-\EOF &&
 	xyz
 	abc
diff --git a/t/t2102-update-index-symlinks.sh b/t/t2102-update-index-symlinks.sh
index 4d0d0a351..22f2c730a 100755
--- a/t/t2102-update-index-symlinks.sh
+++ b/t/t2102-update-index-symlinks.sh
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ git update-index symlink'
 
 test_expect_success \
 'the index entry must still be a symbolic link' '
-case "`git ls-files --stage --cached symlink`" in
+case "$(git ls-files --stage --cached symlink)" in
 120000" "*symlink) echo pass;;
 *) echo fail; git ls-files --stage --cached symlink; (exit 1);;
 esac'
diff --git a/t/t3030-merge-recursive.sh b/t/t3030-merge-recursive.sh
index 622418763..f7b0e599f 100755
--- a/t/t3030-merge-recursive.sh
+++ b/t/t3030-merge-recursive.sh
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ test_expect_success 'setup 8' '
 	test_ln_s_add e a &&
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m "rename a->e, symlink a->e" &&
-	oln=`printf e | git hash-object --stdin`
+	oln=$(printf e | git hash-object --stdin)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'setup 9' '
diff --git a/t/t3100-ls-tree-restrict.sh b/t/t3100-ls-tree-restrict.sh
index eb73c06a4..325114f8f 100755
--- a/t/t3100-ls-tree-restrict.sh
+++ b/t/t3100-ls-tree-restrict.sh
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ test_expect_success \
      echo Mi >path2/baz/b &&
      find path? \( -type f -o -type l \) -print |
      xargs git update-index --add &&
-     tree=`git write-tree` &&
+     tree=$(git write-tree) &&
      echo $tree'
 
 test_output () {
diff --git a/t/t3101-ls-tree-dirname.sh b/t/t3101-ls-tree-dirname.sh
index 026f9f89d..425d85893 100755
--- a/t/t3101-ls-tree-dirname.sh
+++ b/t/t3101-ls-tree-dirname.sh
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ test_expect_success 'setup' '
 	echo 222 >path3/2.txt &&
 	find *.txt path* \( -type f -o -type l \) -print |
 	xargs git update-index --add &&
-	tree=`git write-tree` &&
+	tree=$(git write-tree) &&
 	echo $tree
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t3210-pack-refs.sh b/t/t3210-pack-refs.sh
index db244d2f8..9b182a0c3 100755
--- a/t/t3210-pack-refs.sh
+++ b/t/t3210-pack-refs.sh
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ SHA1=
 test_expect_success \
     'see if git show-ref works as expected' \
     'git branch a &&
-     SHA1=`cat .git/refs/heads/a` &&
+     SHA1=$(cat .git/refs/heads/a) &&
      echo "$SHA1 refs/heads/a" >expect &&
      git show-ref a >result &&
      test_cmp expect result'
diff --git a/t/t3403-rebase-skip.sh b/t/t3403-rebase-skip.sh
index 3968020e6..1f5122b63 100755
--- a/t/t3403-rebase-skip.sh
+++ b/t/t3403-rebase-skip.sh
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ test_expect_success 'rebase --skip with --merge' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'merge and reference trees equal' '
-	test -z "`git diff-tree skip-merge skip-reference`"
+	test -z "$(git diff-tree skip-merge skip-reference)"
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'moved back to branch correctly' '
diff --git a/t/t3511-cherry-pick-x.sh b/t/t3511-cherry-pick-x.sh
index b7dff09d0..9cce5ae88 100755
--- a/t/t3511-cherry-pick-x.sh
+++ b/t/t3511-cherry-pick-x.sh
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 
 test_expect_success 'cherry-pick -x inserts blank line after one line subject' '
 	pristine_detach initial &&
-	sha1=`git rev-parse mesg-one-line^0` &&
+	sha1=$(git rev-parse mesg-one-line^0) &&
 	git cherry-pick -x mesg-one-line &&
 	cat <<-EOF >expect &&
 		$mesg_one_line
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ test_expect_success 'cherry-pick -s inserts blank line after non-conforming foot
 
 test_expect_success 'cherry-pick -x inserts blank line when conforming footer not found' '
 	pristine_detach initial &&
-	sha1=`git rev-parse mesg-no-footer^0` &&
+	sha1=$(git rev-parse mesg-no-footer^0) &&
 	git cherry-pick -x mesg-no-footer &&
 	cat <<-EOF >expect &&
 		$mesg_no_footer
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ test_expect_success 'cherry-pick -s inserts blank line when conforming footer no
 
 test_expect_success 'cherry-pick -x -s inserts blank line when conforming footer not found' '
 	pristine_detach initial &&
-	sha1=`git rev-parse mesg-no-footer^0` &&
+	sha1=$(git rev-parse mesg-no-footer^0) &&
 	git cherry-pick -x -s mesg-no-footer &&
 	cat <<-EOF >expect &&
 		$mesg_no_footer
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ test_expect_success 'cherry-pick -s adds sob when last sob doesnt match committe
 
 test_expect_success 'cherry-pick -x -s adds sob when last sob doesnt match committer' '
 	pristine_detach initial &&
-	sha1=`git rev-parse mesg-with-footer^0` &&
+	sha1=$(git rev-parse mesg-with-footer^0) &&
 	git cherry-pick -x -s mesg-with-footer &&
 	cat <<-EOF >expect &&
 		$mesg_with_footer
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ test_expect_success 'cherry-pick -s refrains from adding duplicate trailing sob'
 
 test_expect_success 'cherry-pick -x -s adds sob even when trailing sob exists for committer' '
 	pristine_detach initial &&
-	sha1=`git rev-parse mesg-with-footer-sob^0` &&
+	sha1=$(git rev-parse mesg-with-footer-sob^0) &&
 	git cherry-pick -x -s mesg-with-footer-sob &&
 	cat <<-EOF >expect &&
 		$mesg_with_footer_sob
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ test_expect_success 'cherry-pick -x -s adds sob even when trailing sob exists fo
 
 test_expect_success 'cherry-pick -x treats "(cherry picked from..." line as part of footer' '
 	pristine_detach initial &&
-	sha1=`git rev-parse mesg-with-cherry-footer^0` &&
+	sha1=$(git rev-parse mesg-with-cherry-footer^0) &&
 	git cherry-pick -x mesg-with-cherry-footer &&
 	cat <<-EOF >expect &&
 		$mesg_with_cherry_footer
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ test_expect_success 'cherry-pick -s treats "(cherry picked from..." line as part
 
 test_expect_success 'cherry-pick -x -s treats "(cherry picked from..." line as part of footer' '
 	pristine_detach initial &&
-	sha1=`git rev-parse mesg-with-cherry-footer^0` &&
+	sha1=$(git rev-parse mesg-with-cherry-footer^0) &&
 	git cherry-pick -x -s mesg-with-cherry-footer &&
 	cat <<-EOF >expect &&
 		$mesg_with_cherry_footer
diff --git a/t/t3600-rm.sh b/t/t3600-rm.sh
index 9d90d2c93..2e47a2bfd 100755
--- a/t/t3600-rm.sh
+++ b/t/t3600-rm.sh
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ test_expect_success '"rm" command printed' '
 	git add test-file &&
 	git commit -m "add file for rm test" &&
 	git rm test-file > rm-output &&
-	test `grep "^rm " rm-output | wc -l` = 1 &&
+	test $(grep "^rm " rm-output | wc -l) = 1 &&
 	rm -f test-file rm-output &&
 	git commit -m "remove file from rm test"
 '
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ test_expect_success '"rm" command suppressed with --quiet' '
 	git add test-file &&
 	git commit -m "add file for rm --quiet test" &&
 	git rm --quiet test-file > rm-output &&
-	test `wc -l < rm-output` = 0 &&
+	test $(wc -l < rm-output) = 0 &&
 	rm -f test-file rm-output &&
 	git commit -m "remove file from rm --quiet test"
 '
diff --git a/t/t3700-add.sh b/t/t3700-add.sh
index f7ff1f555..f14a66535 100755
--- a/t/t3700-add.sh
+++ b/t/t3700-add.sh
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ test_expect_success \
 	 echo foo >xfoo1 &&
 	 chmod 755 xfoo1 &&
 	 git add xfoo1 &&
-	 case "`git ls-files --stage xfoo1`" in
+	 case "$(git ls-files --stage xfoo1)" in
 	 100644" "*xfoo1) echo pass;;
 	 *) echo fail; git ls-files --stage xfoo1; (exit 1);;
 	 esac'
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ test_expect_success \
 test_expect_success 'git add: filemode=0 should not get confused by symlink' '
 	rm -f xfoo1 &&
 	test_ln_s_add foo xfoo1 &&
-	case "`git ls-files --stage xfoo1`" in
+	case "$(git ls-files --stage xfoo1)" in
 	120000" "*xfoo1) echo pass;;
 	*) echo fail; git ls-files --stage xfoo1; (exit 1);;
 	esac
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ test_expect_success \
 	 echo foo >xfoo2 &&
 	 chmod 755 xfoo2 &&
 	 git update-index --add xfoo2 &&
-	 case "`git ls-files --stage xfoo2`" in
+	 case "$(git ls-files --stage xfoo2)" in
 	 100644" "*xfoo2) echo pass;;
 	 *) echo fail; git ls-files --stage xfoo2; (exit 1);;
 	 esac'
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ test_expect_success \
 test_expect_success 'git add: filemode=0 should not get confused by symlink' '
 	rm -f xfoo2 &&
 	test_ln_s_add foo xfoo2 &&
-	case "`git ls-files --stage xfoo2`" in
+	case "$(git ls-files --stage xfoo2)" in
 	120000" "*xfoo2) echo pass;;
 	*) echo fail; git ls-files --stage xfoo2; (exit 1);;
 	esac
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ test_expect_success \
 	'git update-index --add: Test that executable bit is not used...' \
 	'git config core.filemode 0 &&
 	 test_ln_s_add xfoo2 xfoo3 &&	# runs git update-index --add
-	 case "`git ls-files --stage xfoo3`" in
+	 case "$(git ls-files --stage xfoo3)" in
 	 120000" "*xfoo3) echo pass;;
 	 *) echo fail; git ls-files --stage xfoo3; (exit 1);;
 	 esac'
@@ -173,14 +173,14 @@ test_expect_success 'git add with filemode=0, symlinks=0 prefers stage 2 over st
 
 test_expect_success 'git add --refresh' '
 	>foo && git add foo && git commit -a -m "commit all" &&
-	test -z "`git diff-index HEAD -- foo`" &&
+	test -z "$(git diff-index HEAD -- foo)" &&
 	git read-tree HEAD &&
-	case "`git diff-index HEAD -- foo`" in
+	case "$(git diff-index HEAD -- foo)" in
 	:100644" "*"M	foo") echo pass;;
 	*) echo fail; (exit 1);;
 	esac &&
 	git add --refresh -- foo &&
-	test -z "`git diff-index HEAD -- foo`"
+	test -z "$(git diff-index HEAD -- foo)"
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git add --refresh with pathspec' '
diff --git a/t/t5100-mailinfo.sh b/t/t5100-mailinfo.sh
index e97cfb2ab..85b3df5e3 100755
--- a/t/t5100-mailinfo.sh
+++ b/t/t5100-mailinfo.sh
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ test_description='git mailinfo and git mailsplit test'
 
 test_expect_success 'split sample box' \
 	'git mailsplit -o. "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/t5100/sample.mbox >last &&
-	last=`cat last` &&
+	last=$(cat last) &&
 	echo total is $last &&
-	test `cat last` = 17'
+	test $(cat last) = 17'
 
 check_mailinfo () {
 	mail=$1 opt=$2
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ check_mailinfo () {
 }
 
 
-for mail in `echo 00*`
+for mail in 00*
 do
 	test_expect_success "mailinfo $mail" '
 		check_mailinfo $mail "" &&
@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ test_expect_success 'split box with rfc2047 samples' \
 	'mkdir rfc2047 &&
 	git mailsplit -orfc2047 "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/t5100/rfc2047-samples.mbox \
 	  >rfc2047/last &&
-	last=`cat rfc2047/last` &&
+	last=$(cat rfc2047/last) &&
 	echo total is $last &&
-	test `cat rfc2047/last` = 11'
+	test $(cat rfc2047/last) = 11'
 
-for mail in `echo rfc2047/00*`
+for mail in rfc2047/00*
 do
 	test_expect_success "mailinfo $mail" '
 		git mailinfo -u $mail-msg $mail-patch <$mail >$mail-info &&
diff --git a/t/t5300-pack-object.sh b/t/t5300-pack-object.sh
index 20c196151..fc2be63e0 100755
--- a/t/t5300-pack-object.sh
+++ b/t/t5300-pack-object.sh
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ test_description='git pack-object
 '
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
-TRASH=`pwd`
+TRASH=$(pwd)
 
 test_expect_success \
     'setup' \
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ test_expect_success \
      test-genrandom "seed b" 2097152 > b_big &&
      git update-index --add a a_big b b_big c &&
      cat c >d && echo foo >>d && git update-index --add d &&
-     tree=`git write-tree` &&
-     commit=`git commit-tree $tree </dev/null` && {
+     tree=$(git write-tree) &&
+     commit=$(git commit-tree $tree </dev/null) && {
 	 echo $tree &&
 	 echo $commit &&
 	 git ls-tree $tree | sed -e "s/.* \\([0-9a-f]*\\)	.*/\\1/"
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ test_expect_success \
 	 git diff-tree --root -p $commit &&
 	 while read object
 	 do
-	    t=`git cat-file -t $object` &&
+	    t=$(git cat-file -t $object) &&
 	    git cat-file $t $object || return 1
 	 done <obj-list
      } >expect'
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ test_expect_success \
 	 git diff-tree --root -p $commit &&
 	 while read object
 	 do
-	    t=`git cat-file -t $object` &&
+	    t=$(git cat-file -t $object) &&
 	    git cat-file $t $object || return 1
 	 done <obj-list
     } >current &&
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ test_expect_success \
 	 git diff-tree --root -p $commit &&
 	 while read object
 	 do
-	    t=`git cat-file -t $object` &&
+	    t=$(git cat-file -t $object) &&
 	    git cat-file $t $object || return 1
 	 done <obj-list
     } >current &&
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ test_expect_success \
 	 git diff-tree --root -p $commit &&
 	 while read object
 	 do
-	    t=`git cat-file -t $object` &&
+	    t=$(git cat-file -t $object) &&
 	    git cat-file $t $object || return 1
 	 done <obj-list
     } >current &&
@@ -252,8 +252,8 @@ test_expect_success \
 
 test_expect_success \
     'verify-pack catches a corrupted sum of the index file itself' \
-    'l=`wc -c <test-3.idx` &&
-     l=`expr $l - 20` &&
+    'l=$(wc -c <test-3.idx) &&
+     l=$(expr $l - 20) &&
      cat test-1-${packname_1}.pack >test-3.pack &&
      printf "%20s" "" | dd of=test-3.idx count=20 bs=1 conv=notrunc seek=$l &&
      if git verify-pack test-3.pack
diff --git a/t/t5301-sliding-window.sh b/t/t5301-sliding-window.sh
index 2fc5af600..cae8c2e88 100755
--- a/t/t5301-sliding-window.sh
+++ b/t/t5301-sliding-window.sh
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ test_expect_success \
          git update-index --add $i || return 1
      done &&
      echo d >d && cat c >>d && git update-index --add d &&
-     tree=`git write-tree` &&
-     commit1=`git commit-tree $tree </dev/null` &&
+     tree=$(git write-tree) &&
+     commit1=$(git commit-tree $tree </dev/null) &&
      git update-ref HEAD $commit1 &&
      git repack -a -d &&
-     test "`git count-objects`" = "0 objects, 0 kilobytes" &&
-     pack1=`ls .git/objects/pack/*.pack` &&
+     test "$(git count-objects)" = "0 objects, 0 kilobytes" &&
+     pack1=$(ls .git/objects/pack/*.pack) &&
      test -f "$pack1"'
 
 test_expect_success \
@@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ test_expect_success \
     'repack -a -d, packedGit{WindowSize,Limit} == 1 page' \
     'git config core.packedGitWindowSize 512 &&
      git config core.packedGitLimit 512 &&
-     commit2=`git commit-tree $tree -p $commit1 </dev/null` &&
+     commit2=$(git commit-tree $tree -p $commit1 </dev/null) &&
      git update-ref HEAD $commit2 &&
      git repack -a -d &&
-     test "`git count-objects`" = "0 objects, 0 kilobytes" &&
-     pack2=`ls .git/objects/pack/*.pack` &&
+     test "$(git count-objects)" = "0 objects, 0 kilobytes" &&
+     pack2=$(ls .git/objects/pack/*.pack) &&
      test -f "$pack2" &&
      test "$pack1" \!= "$pack2"'
 
diff --git a/t/t5302-pack-index.sh b/t/t5302-pack-index.sh
index 3dc5ec4dd..c2fc584da 100755
--- a/t/t5302-pack-index.sh
+++ b/t/t5302-pack-index.sh
@@ -14,21 +14,21 @@ test_expect_success \
      i=1 &&
      while test $i -le 100
      do
-         iii=`printf '%03i' $i`
+         iii=$(printf '%03i' $i)
          test-genrandom "bar" 200 > wide_delta_$iii &&
          test-genrandom "baz $iii" 50 >> wide_delta_$iii &&
          test-genrandom "foo"$i 100 > deep_delta_$iii &&
-         test-genrandom "foo"`expr $i + 1` 100 >> deep_delta_$iii &&
-         test-genrandom "foo"`expr $i + 2` 100 >> deep_delta_$iii &&
+         test-genrandom "foo"$(expr $i + 1) 100 >> deep_delta_$iii &&
+         test-genrandom "foo"$(expr $i + 2) 100 >> deep_delta_$iii &&
          echo $iii >file_$iii &&
          test-genrandom "$iii" 8192 >>file_$iii &&
          git update-index --add file_$iii deep_delta_$iii wide_delta_$iii &&
-         i=`expr $i + 1` || return 1
+         i=$(expr $i + 1) || return 1
      done &&
      { echo 101 && test-genrandom 100 8192; } >file_101 &&
      git update-index --add file_101 &&
-     tree=`git write-tree` &&
-     commit=`git commit-tree $tree </dev/null` && {
+     tree=$(git write-tree) &&
+     commit=$(git commit-tree $tree </dev/null) && {
 	 echo $tree &&
 	 git ls-tree $tree | sed -e "s/.* \\([0-9a-f]*\\)	.*/\\1/"
      } >obj-list &&
@@ -152,10 +152,10 @@ test_expect_success \
     '[index v1] 2) create a stealth corruption in a delta base reference' \
     '# This test assumes file_101 is a delta smaller than 16 bytes.
      # It should be against file_100 but we substitute its base for file_099
-     sha1_101=`git hash-object file_101` &&
-     sha1_099=`git hash-object file_099` &&
-     offs_101=`index_obj_offset 1.idx $sha1_101` &&
-     nr_099=`index_obj_nr 1.idx $sha1_099` &&
+     sha1_101=$(git hash-object file_101) &&
+     sha1_099=$(git hash-object file_099) &&
+     offs_101=$(index_obj_offset 1.idx $sha1_101) &&
+     nr_099=$(index_obj_nr 1.idx $sha1_099) &&
      chmod +w ".git/objects/pack/pack-${pack1}.pack" &&
      dd of=".git/objects/pack/pack-${pack1}.pack" seek=$(($offs_101 + 1)) \
         if=".git/objects/pack/pack-${pack1}.idx" \
@@ -193,10 +193,10 @@ test_expect_success \
     '[index v2] 2) create a stealth corruption in a delta base reference' \
     '# This test assumes file_101 is a delta smaller than 16 bytes.
      # It should be against file_100 but we substitute its base for file_099
-     sha1_101=`git hash-object file_101` &&
-     sha1_099=`git hash-object file_099` &&
-     offs_101=`index_obj_offset 1.idx $sha1_101` &&
-     nr_099=`index_obj_nr 1.idx $sha1_099` &&
+     sha1_101=$(git hash-object file_101) &&
+     sha1_099=$(git hash-object file_099) &&
+     offs_101=$(index_obj_offset 1.idx $sha1_101) &&
+     nr_099=$(index_obj_nr 1.idx $sha1_099) &&
      chmod +w ".git/objects/pack/pack-${pack1}.pack" &&
      dd of=".git/objects/pack/pack-${pack1}.pack" seek=$(($offs_101 + 1)) \
         if=".git/objects/pack/pack-${pack1}.idx" \
@@ -222,11 +222,11 @@ test_expect_success \
     'rm -f .git/objects/pack/* &&
      git index-pack --index-version=2 --stdin < "test-1-${pack1}.pack" &&
      git verify-pack ".git/objects/pack/pack-${pack1}.pack" &&
-     obj=`git hash-object file_001` &&
-     nr=`index_obj_nr ".git/objects/pack/pack-${pack1}.idx" $obj` &&
+     obj=$(git hash-object file_001) &&
+     nr=$(index_obj_nr ".git/objects/pack/pack-${pack1}.idx" $obj) &&
      chmod +w ".git/objects/pack/pack-${pack1}.idx" &&
      printf xxxx | dd of=".git/objects/pack/pack-${pack1}.idx" conv=notrunc \
-        bs=1 count=4 seek=$((8 + 256 * 4 + `wc -l <obj-list` * 20 + $nr * 4)) &&
+        bs=1 count=4 seek=$((8 + 256 * 4 + $(wc -l <obj-list) * 20 + $nr * 4)) &&
      ( while read obj
        do git cat-file -p $obj >/dev/null || exit 1
        done <obj-list ) &&
diff --git a/t/t5303-pack-corruption-resilience.sh b/t/t5303-pack-corruption-resilience.sh
index 663b02bbb..5940ce208 100755
--- a/t/t5303-pack-corruption-resilience.sh
+++ b/t/t5303-pack-corruption-resilience.sh
@@ -32,23 +32,23 @@ create_test_files() {
 create_new_pack() {
     rm -rf .git &&
     git init &&
-    blob_1=`git hash-object -t blob -w file_1` &&
-    blob_2=`git hash-object -t blob -w file_2` &&
-    blob_3=`git hash-object -t blob -w file_3` &&
-    pack=`printf "$blob_1\n$blob_2\n$blob_3\n" |
-          git pack-objects $@ .git/objects/pack/pack` &&
+    blob_1=$(git hash-object -t blob -w file_1) &&
+    blob_2=$(git hash-object -t blob -w file_2) &&
+    blob_3=$(git hash-object -t blob -w file_3) &&
+    pack=$(printf "$blob_1\n$blob_2\n$blob_3\n" |
+          git pack-objects $@ .git/objects/pack/pack) &&
     pack=".git/objects/pack/pack-${pack}" &&
     git verify-pack -v ${pack}.pack
 }
 
 do_repack() {
-    pack=`printf "$blob_1\n$blob_2\n$blob_3\n" |
-          git pack-objects $@ .git/objects/pack/pack` &&
+    pack=$(printf "$blob_1\n$blob_2\n$blob_3\n" |
+          git pack-objects $@ .git/objects/pack/pack) &&
     pack=".git/objects/pack/pack-${pack}"
 }
 
 do_corrupt_object() {
-    ofs=`git show-index < ${pack}.idx | grep $1 | cut -f1 -d" "` &&
+    ofs=$(git show-index < ${pack}.idx | grep $1 | cut -f1 -d" ") &&
     ofs=$(($ofs + $2)) &&
     chmod +w ${pack}.pack &&
     dd of=${pack}.pack bs=1 conv=notrunc seek=$ofs &&
diff --git a/t/t5304-prune.sh b/t/t5304-prune.sh
index def203c72..133b5842b 100755
--- a/t/t5304-prune.sh
+++ b/t/t5304-prune.sh
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ EOF
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'prune .git/shallow' '
-	SHA1=`echo hi|git commit-tree HEAD^{tree}` &&
+	SHA1=$(echo hi|git commit-tree HEAD^{tree}) &&
 	echo $SHA1 >.git/shallow &&
 	git prune --dry-run >out &&
 	grep $SHA1 .git/shallow &&
diff --git a/t/t5305-include-tag.sh b/t/t5305-include-tag.sh
index 21517c70c..f314ad507 100755
--- a/t/t5305-include-tag.sh
+++ b/t/t5305-include-tag.sh
@@ -3,20 +3,20 @@
 test_description='git pack-object --include-tag'
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
-TRASH=`pwd`
+TRASH=$(pwd)
 
 test_expect_success setup '
 	echo c >d &&
 	git update-index --add d &&
-	tree=`git write-tree` &&
-	commit=`git commit-tree $tree </dev/null` &&
+	tree=$(git write-tree) &&
+	commit=$(git commit-tree $tree </dev/null) &&
 	echo "object $commit" >sig &&
 	echo "type commit" >>sig &&
 	echo "tag mytag" >>sig &&
 	echo "tagger $(git var GIT_COMMITTER_IDENT)" >>sig &&
 	echo >>sig &&
 	echo "our test tag" >>sig &&
-	tag=`git mktag <sig` &&
+	tag=$(git mktag <sig) &&
 	rm d sig &&
 	git update-ref refs/tags/mytag $tag && {
 		echo $tree &&
diff --git a/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh b/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh
index 3a9b77576..e5f83bf5e 100755
--- a/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh
+++ b/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ test_description='Testing multi_ack pack fetching'
 add () {
 	name=$1 &&
 	text="$@" &&
-	branch=`echo $name | sed -e 's/^\(.\).*$/\1/'` &&
+	branch=$(echo $name | sed -e 's/^\(.\).*$/\1/') &&
 	parents="" &&
 
 	shift &&
@@ -50,18 +50,18 @@ pull_to_client () {
 			case "$heads" in *B*)
 			    echo $BTIP > .git/refs/heads/B;;
 			esac &&
-			git symbolic-ref HEAD refs/heads/`echo $heads \
-				| sed -e "s/^\(.\).*$/\1/"` &&
+			git symbolic-ref HEAD refs/heads/$(echo $heads \
+				| sed -e "s/^\(.\).*$/\1/") &&
 
 			git fsck --full &&
 
 			mv .git/objects/pack/pack-* . &&
-			p=`ls -1 pack-*.pack` &&
+			p=$(ls -1 pack-*.pack) &&
 			git unpack-objects <$p &&
 			git fsck --full &&
 
-			idx=`echo pack-*.idx` &&
-			pack_count=`git show-index <$idx | wc -l` &&
+			idx=$(echo pack-*.idx) &&
+			pack_count=$(git show-index <$idx | wc -l) &&
 			test $pack_count = $count &&
 			rm -f pack-*
 		)
@@ -132,13 +132,13 @@ test_expect_success 'single given branch clone' '
 
 test_expect_success 'clone shallow depth 1' '
 	git clone --no-single-branch --depth 1 "file://$(pwd)/." shallow0 &&
-	test "`git --git-dir=shallow0/.git rev-list --count HEAD`" = 1
+	test "$(git --git-dir=shallow0/.git rev-list --count HEAD)" = 1
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'clone shallow depth 1 with fsck' '
 	git config --global fetch.fsckobjects true &&
 	git clone --no-single-branch --depth 1 "file://$(pwd)/." shallow0fsck &&
-	test "`git --git-dir=shallow0fsck/.git rev-list --count HEAD`" = 1 &&
+	test "$(git --git-dir=shallow0fsck/.git rev-list --count HEAD)" = 1 &&
 	git config --global --unset fetch.fsckobjects
 '
 
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ test_expect_success 'clone shallow' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'clone shallow depth count' '
-	test "`git --git-dir=shallow/.git rev-list --count HEAD`" = 2
+	test "$(git --git-dir=shallow/.git rev-list --count HEAD)" = 2
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'clone shallow object count' '
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ test_expect_success 'additional simple shallow deepenings' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'clone shallow depth count' '
-	test "`git --git-dir=shallow/.git rev-list --count HEAD`" = 11
+	test "$(git --git-dir=shallow/.git rev-list --count HEAD)" = 11
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'clone shallow object count' '
diff --git a/t/t5505-remote.sh b/t/t5505-remote.sh
index dfaf9d9f6..1a8e3b81c 100755
--- a/t/t5505-remote.sh
+++ b/t/t5505-remote.sh
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'check remote-tracking' '
 test_expect_success 'remote forces tracking branches' '
 	(
 		cd test &&
-		case `git config remote.second.fetch` in
+		case $(git config remote.second.fetch) in
 		+*) true ;;
 		 *) false ;;
 		esac
diff --git a/t/t5506-remote-groups.sh b/t/t5506-remote-groups.sh
index 530b01678..83d5558c0 100755
--- a/t/t5506-remote-groups.sh
+++ b/t/t5506-remote-groups.sh
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ update_repos() {
 }
 
 repo_fetched() {
-	if test "`git log -1 --pretty=format:%s $1 --`" = "`cat mark`"; then
+	if test "$(git log -1 --pretty=format:%s $1 --)" = "$(cat mark)"; then
 		echo >&2 "repo was fetched: $1"
 		return 0
 	fi
diff --git a/t/t5510-fetch.sh b/t/t5510-fetch.sh
index 0ba9db088..47e68a597 100755
--- a/t/t5510-fetch.sh
+++ b/t/t5510-fetch.sh
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ test_description='Per branch config variables affects "git fetch".
 
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
-D=`pwd`
+D=$(pwd)
 
 test_bundle_object_count () {
 	git verify-pack -v "$1" >verify.out &&
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ test_expect_success "fetch test" '
 	cd two &&
 	git fetch &&
 	test -f .git/refs/heads/one &&
-	mine=`git rev-parse refs/heads/one` &&
-	his=`cd ../one && git rev-parse refs/heads/master` &&
+	mine=$(git rev-parse refs/heads/one) &&
+	his=$(cd ../one && git rev-parse refs/heads/master) &&
 	test "z$mine" = "z$his"
 '
 
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ test_expect_success "fetch test for-merge" '
 	git fetch &&
 	test -f .git/refs/heads/two &&
 	test -f .git/refs/heads/one &&
-	master_in_two=`cd ../two && git rev-parse master` &&
-	one_in_two=`cd ../two && git rev-parse one` &&
+	master_in_two=$(cd ../two && git rev-parse master) &&
+	one_in_two=$(cd ../two && git rev-parse one) &&
 	{
 		echo "$one_in_two	"
 		echo "$master_in_two	not-for-merge"
diff --git a/t/t5515-fetch-merge-logic.sh b/t/t5515-fetch-merge-logic.sh
index dbb927dec..36b0dbc01 100755
--- a/t/t5515-fetch-merge-logic.sh
+++ b/t/t5515-fetch-merge-logic.sh
@@ -128,8 +128,8 @@ do
 	case "$cmd" in
 	'' | '#'*) continue ;;
 	esac
-	test=`echo "$cmd" | sed -e 's|[/ ][/ ]*|_|g'`
-	pfx=`printf "%04d" $test_count`
+	test=$(echo "$cmd" | sed -e 's|[/ ][/ ]*|_|g')
+	pfx=$(printf "%04d" $test_count)
 	expect_f="$TEST_DIRECTORY/t5515/fetch.$test"
 	actual_f="$pfx-fetch.$test"
 	expect_r="$TEST_DIRECTORY/t5515/refs.$test"
diff --git a/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh b/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
index 0a87e195e..26b2cafc4 100755
--- a/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
+++ b/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ This test checks the following functionality:
 
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
-D=`pwd`
+D=$(pwd)
 
 mk_empty () {
 	repo_name="$1"
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ test_expect_success 'push tag with non-existent, incomplete dest' '
 test_expect_success 'push sha1 with non-existent, incomplete dest' '
 
 	mk_test testrepo &&
-	test_must_fail git push testrepo `git rev-parse master`:foo
+	test_must_fail git push testrepo $(git rev-parse master):foo
 
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t5517-push-mirror.sh b/t/t5517-push-mirror.sh
index 12a5dfb17..02f160aae 100755
--- a/t/t5517-push-mirror.sh
+++ b/t/t5517-push-mirror.sh
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ test_description='pushing to a mirror repository'
 
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
-D=`pwd`
+D=$(pwd)
 
 invert () {
 	if "$@"; then
diff --git a/t/t5522-pull-symlink.sh b/t/t5522-pull-symlink.sh
index 8e9b204e0..bcff460d0 100755
--- a/t/t5522-pull-symlink.sh
+++ b/t/t5522-pull-symlink.sh
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'pulling from real subdir' '
 # git rev-parse --show-cdup printed a path relative to
 # clone-repo/subdir/, not subdir-link/.  Git rev-parse --show-cdup
 # used the correct .git, but when the git pull shell script did
-# "cd `git rev-parse --show-cdup`", it ended up in the wrong
+# "cd $(git rev-parse --show-cdup)", it ended up in the wrong
 # directory.  A POSIX shell's "cd" works a little differently
 # than chdir() in C; "cd -P" is much closer to chdir().
 #
diff --git a/t/t5530-upload-pack-error.sh b/t/t5530-upload-pack-error.sh
index 3932e797f..4f6e32b04 100755
--- a/t/t5530-upload-pack-error.sh
+++ b/t/t5530-upload-pack-error.sh
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ test_description='errors in upload-pack'
 
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
-D=`pwd`
+D=$(pwd)
 
 corrupt_repo () {
 	object_sha1=$(git rev-parse "$1") &&
diff --git a/t/t5532-fetch-proxy.sh b/t/t5532-fetch-proxy.sh
index 5531bd1af..d75ef0ea2 100755
--- a/t/t5532-fetch-proxy.sh
+++ b/t/t5532-fetch-proxy.sh
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ test_expect_success 'setup remote repo' '
 cat >proxy <<'EOF'
 #!/bin/sh
 echo >&2 "proxying for $*"
-cmd=`"$PERL_PATH" -e '
+cmd=$("$PERL_PATH" -e '
 	read(STDIN, $buf, 4);
 	my $n = hex($buf) - 4;
 	read(STDIN, $buf, $n);
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ cmd=`"$PERL_PATH" -e '
 	# drop absolute-path on repo name
 	$cmd =~ s{ /}{ };
 	print $cmd;
-'`
+')
 echo >&2 "Running '$cmd'"
 exec $cmd
 EOF
diff --git a/t/t5537-fetch-shallow.sh b/t/t5537-fetch-shallow.sh
index a98057468..df8d2f095 100755
--- a/t/t5537-fetch-shallow.sh
+++ b/t/t5537-fetch-shallow.sh
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ EOF
 test_expect_success 'fetch something upstream has but hidden by clients shallow boundaries' '
 	# the blob "1" is available in .git but hidden by the
 	# shallow2/.git/shallow and it should be resent
-	! git --git-dir=shallow2/.git cat-file blob `echo 1|git hash-object --stdin` >/dev/null &&
+	! git --git-dir=shallow2/.git cat-file blob $(echo 1|git hash-object --stdin) >/dev/null &&
 	echo 1 >1.t &&
 	git add 1.t &&
 	git commit -m add-1-back &&
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ add-1-back
 EOF
 	test_cmp expect actual
 	) &&
-	git --git-dir=shallow2/.git cat-file blob `echo 1|git hash-object --stdin` >/dev/null
+	git --git-dir=shallow2/.git cat-file blob $(echo 1|git hash-object --stdin) >/dev/null
 
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t5538-push-shallow.sh b/t/t5538-push-shallow.sh
index ceee95b8a..ecbf84d21 100755
--- a/t/t5538-push-shallow.sh
+++ b/t/t5538-push-shallow.sh
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ EOF
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'push from full to shallow' '
-	! git --git-dir=shallow2/.git cat-file blob `echo 1|git hash-object --stdin` &&
+	! git --git-dir=shallow2/.git cat-file blob $(echo 1|git hash-object --stdin) &&
 	commit 1 &&
 	git push shallow2/.git +master:refs/remotes/top/master &&
 	(
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ test_expect_success 'push from full to shallow' '
 3
 EOF
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
-	git cat-file blob `echo 1|git hash-object --stdin` >/dev/null
+	git cat-file blob $(echo 1|git hash-object --stdin) >/dev/null
 	)
 '
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh b/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh
index 87a7aa04a..64146352a 100755
--- a/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh
+++ b/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ test_expect_success 'fetch packed objects' '
 test_expect_success 'fetch notices corrupt pack' '
 	cp -R "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH"/repo_pack.git "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH"/repo_bad1.git &&
 	(cd "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH"/repo_bad1.git &&
-	 p=`ls objects/pack/pack-*.pack` &&
+	 p=$(ls objects/pack/pack-*.pack) &&
 	 chmod u+w $p &&
 	 printf %0256d 0 | dd of=$p bs=256 count=1 seek=1 conv=notrunc
 	) &&
@@ -140,14 +140,14 @@ test_expect_success 'fetch notices corrupt pack' '
 	(cd repo_bad1.git &&
 	 git --bare init &&
 	 test_must_fail git --bare fetch $HTTPD_URL/dumb/repo_bad1.git &&
-	 test 0 = `ls objects/pack/pack-*.pack | wc -l`
+	 test 0 = $(ls objects/pack/pack-*.pack | wc -l)
 	)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'fetch notices corrupt idx' '
 	cp -R "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH"/repo_pack.git "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH"/repo_bad2.git &&
 	(cd "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH"/repo_bad2.git &&
-	 p=`ls objects/pack/pack-*.idx` &&
+	 p=$(ls objects/pack/pack-*.idx) &&
 	 chmod u+w $p &&
 	 printf %0256d 0 | dd of=$p bs=256 count=1 seek=1 conv=notrunc
 	) &&
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ test_expect_success 'fetch notices corrupt idx' '
 	(cd repo_bad2.git &&
 	 git --bare init &&
 	 test_must_fail git --bare fetch $HTTPD_URL/dumb/repo_bad2.git &&
-	 test 0 = `ls objects/pack | wc -l`
+	 test 0 = $(ls objects/pack | wc -l)
 	)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t5570-git-daemon.sh b/t/t5570-git-daemon.sh
index b7e283252..d76269a8f 100755
--- a/t/t5570-git-daemon.sh
+++ b/t/t5570-git-daemon.sh
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ test_expect_success 'prepare pack objects' '
 test_expect_success 'fetch notices corrupt pack' '
 	cp -R "$GIT_DAEMON_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH"/repo_pack.git "$GIT_DAEMON_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH"/repo_bad1.git &&
 	(cd "$GIT_DAEMON_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH"/repo_bad1.git &&
-	 p=`ls objects/pack/pack-*.pack` &&
+	 p=$(ls objects/pack/pack-*.pack) &&
 	 chmod u+w $p &&
 	 printf %0256d 0 | dd of=$p bs=256 count=1 seek=1 conv=notrunc
 	) &&
@@ -65,14 +65,14 @@ test_expect_success 'fetch notices corrupt pack' '
 	(cd repo_bad1.git &&
 	 git --bare init &&
 	 test_must_fail git --bare fetch "$GIT_DAEMON_URL/repo_bad1.git" &&
-	 test 0 = `ls objects/pack/pack-*.pack | wc -l`
+	 test 0 = $(ls objects/pack/pack-*.pack | wc -l)
 	)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'fetch notices corrupt idx' '
 	cp -R "$GIT_DAEMON_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH"/repo_pack.git "$GIT_DAEMON_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH"/repo_bad2.git &&
 	(cd "$GIT_DAEMON_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH"/repo_bad2.git &&
-	 p=`ls objects/pack/pack-*.idx` &&
+	 p=$(ls objects/pack/pack-*.idx) &&
 	 chmod u+w $p &&
 	 printf %0256d 0 | dd of=$p bs=256 count=1 seek=1 conv=notrunc
 	) &&
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ test_expect_success 'fetch notices corrupt idx' '
 	(cd repo_bad2.git &&
 	 git --bare init &&
 	 test_must_fail git --bare fetch "$GIT_DAEMON_URL/repo_bad2.git" &&
-	 test 0 = `ls objects/pack | wc -l`
+	 test 0 = $(ls objects/pack | wc -l)
 	)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t5601-clone.sh b/t/t5601-clone.sh
index 31b46582d..669ec9ba8 100755
--- a/t/t5601-clone.sh
+++ b/t/t5601-clone.sh
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ test_expect_success 'clone separate gitdir' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'clone separate gitdir: output' '
-	echo "gitdir: `pwd`/realgitdir" >expected &&
+	echo "gitdir: $(pwd)/realgitdir" >expected &&
 	test_cmp expected dst/.git
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t5700-clone-reference.sh b/t/t5700-clone-reference.sh
index dfa1bf79c..4320082b1 100755
--- a/t/t5700-clone-reference.sh
+++ b/t/t5700-clone-reference.sh
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 test_description='test clone --reference'
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
-base_dir=`pwd`
+base_dir=$(pwd)
 
 U=$base_dir/UPLOAD_LOG
 
diff --git a/t/t5710-info-alternate.sh b/t/t5710-info-alternate.sh
index 5a6e49d18..9cd2626db 100755
--- a/t/t5710-info-alternate.sh
+++ b/t/t5710-info-alternate.sh
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ test_valid_repo() {
 	test_line_count = 0 fsck.log
 }
 
-base_dir=`pwd`
+base_dir=$(pwd)
 
 test_expect_success 'preparing first repository' \
 'test_create_repo A && cd A &&
diff --git a/t/t5900-repo-selection.sh b/t/t5900-repo-selection.sh
index 3d5b418bb..14e59c5b3 100755
--- a/t/t5900-repo-selection.sh
+++ b/t/t5900-repo-selection.sh
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ make_tree() {
 make_bare() {
 	git init --bare "$1" &&
 	(cd "$1" &&
-	 tree=`git hash-object -w -t tree /dev/null` &&
+	 tree=$(git hash-object -w -t tree /dev/null) &&
 	 commit=$(echo "$1" | git commit-tree $tree) &&
 	 git update-ref HEAD $commit
 	)
diff --git a/t/t6001-rev-list-graft.sh b/t/t6001-rev-list-graft.sh
index 8efcd1307..05ddc69cf 100755
--- a/t/t6001-rev-list-graft.sh
+++ b/t/t6001-rev-list-graft.sh
@@ -10,15 +10,15 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 	echo >subdir/fileB fileB &&
 	git add fileA subdir/fileB &&
 	git commit -a -m "Initial in one history." &&
-	A0=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD` &&
+	A0=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
 
 	echo >fileA fileA modified &&
 	git commit -a -m "Second in one history." &&
-	A1=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD` &&
+	A1=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
 
 	echo >subdir/fileB fileB modified &&
 	git commit -a -m "Third in one history." &&
-	A2=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD` &&
+	A2=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
 
 	rm -f .git/refs/heads/master .git/index &&
 
@@ -26,15 +26,15 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 	echo >subdir/fileB fileB again &&
 	git add fileA subdir/fileB &&
 	git commit -a -m "Initial in alternate history." &&
-	B0=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD` &&
+	B0=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
 
 	echo >fileA fileA modified in alternate history &&
 	git commit -a -m "Second in alternate history." &&
-	B1=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD` &&
+	B1=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
 
 	echo >subdir/fileB fileB modified in alternate history &&
 	git commit -a -m "Third in alternate history." &&
-	B2=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD` &&
+	B2=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
 	: done
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t6002-rev-list-bisect.sh b/t/t6002-rev-list-bisect.sh
index 43ad77248..3bf2759ea 100755
--- a/t/t6002-rev-list-bisect.sh
+++ b/t/t6002-rev-list-bisect.sh
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ test_bisection_diff()
 	# Test if bisection size is close to half of list size within
 	# tolerance.
 	#
-	_bisect_err=`expr $_list_size - $_bisection_size \* 2`
-	test "$_bisect_err" -lt 0 && _bisect_err=`expr 0 - $_bisect_err`
-	_bisect_err=`expr $_bisect_err / 2` ; # floor
+	_bisect_err=$(expr $_list_size - $_bisection_size \* 2)
+	test "$_bisect_err" -lt 0 && _bisect_err=$(expr 0 - $_bisect_err)
+	_bisect_err=$(expr $_bisect_err / 2) ; # floor
 
 	test_expect_success \
 	"bisection diff $_bisect_option $_head $* <= $_max_diff" \
diff --git a/t/t6015-rev-list-show-all-parents.sh b/t/t6015-rev-list-show-all-parents.sh
index 8b146fb43..3c73c93ba 100755
--- a/t/t6015-rev-list-show-all-parents.sh
+++ b/t/t6015-rev-list-show-all-parents.sh
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ test_description='--show-all --parents does not rewrite TREESAME commits'
 
 test_expect_success 'set up --show-all --parents test' '
 	test_commit one foo.txt &&
-	commit1=`git rev-list -1 HEAD` &&
+	commit1=$(git rev-list -1 HEAD) &&
 	test_commit two bar.txt &&
-	commit2=`git rev-list -1 HEAD` &&
+	commit2=$(git rev-list -1 HEAD) &&
 	test_commit three foo.txt &&
-	commit3=`git rev-list -1 HEAD`
+	commit3=$(git rev-list -1 HEAD)
 	'
 
 test_expect_success '--parents rewrites TREESAME parents correctly' '
diff --git a/t/t6032-merge-large-rename.sh b/t/t6032-merge-large-rename.sh
index 0f7926891..80777386d 100755
--- a/t/t6032-merge-large-rename.sh
+++ b/t/t6032-merge-large-rename.sh
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ test_expect_success 'setup (initial)' '
 
 make_text() {
 	echo $1: $2
-	for i in `count 20`; do
+	for i in $(count 20); do
 		echo $1: $i
 	done
 	echo $1: $3
diff --git a/t/t6132-pathspec-exclude.sh b/t/t6132-pathspec-exclude.sh
index e1e1b1fa3..d51595cf6 100755
--- a/t/t6132-pathspec-exclude.sh
+++ b/t/t6132-pathspec-exclude.sh
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ test_description='test case exclude pathspec'
 test_expect_success 'setup' '
 	for p in file sub/file sub/sub/file sub/file2 sub/sub/sub/file sub2/file; do
 		if echo $p | grep /; then
-			mkdir -p `dirname $p`
+			mkdir -p $(dirname $p)
 		fi &&
 		: >$p &&
 		git add $p &&
diff --git a/t/t7001-mv.sh b/t/t7001-mv.sh
index 7b5608113..51dd2b4e0 100755
--- a/t/t7001-mv.sh
+++ b/t/t7001-mv.sh
@@ -156,11 +156,11 @@ test_expect_success "Michael Cassar's test case" '
 	echo b > partA/outline.txt &&
 	echo c > papers/unsorted/_another &&
 	git add papers partA &&
-	T1=`git write-tree` &&
+	T1=$(git write-tree) &&
 
 	git mv papers/unsorted/Thesis.pdf papers/all-papers/moo-blah.pdf &&
 
-	T=`git write-tree` &&
+	T=$(git write-tree) &&
 	git ls-tree -r $T | verbose grep partA/outline.txt
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t7003-filter-branch.sh b/t/t7003-filter-branch.sh
index 869e0bf07..8868e6e09 100755
--- a/t/t7003-filter-branch.sh
+++ b/t/t7003-filter-branch.sh
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ test_expect_success 'setup submodule' '
 	git branch original HEAD
 '
 
-orig_head=`git show-ref --hash --head HEAD`
+orig_head=$(git show-ref --hash --head HEAD)
 
 test_expect_success 'rewrite submodule with another content' '
 	git filter-branch --tree-filter "test -d submod && {
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ test_expect_success 'rewrite submodule with another content' '
 					 mkdir submod &&
 					 : > submod/file
 					 } || :" HEAD &&
-	test $orig_head != `git show-ref --hash --head HEAD`
+	test $orig_head != $(git show-ref --hash --head HEAD)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'replace submodule revision' '
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ test_expect_success 'replace submodule revision' '
 	    "if git ls-files --error-unmatch -- submod > /dev/null 2>&1
 	     then git update-index --cacheinfo 160000 0123456789012345678901234567890123456789 submod
 	     fi" HEAD &&
-	test $orig_head != `git show-ref --hash --head HEAD`
+	test $orig_head != $(git show-ref --hash --head HEAD)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'filter commit message without trailing newline' '
diff --git a/t/t7004-tag.sh b/t/t7004-tag.sh
index 3dd2f51e4..2797f2253 100755
--- a/t/t7004-tag.sh
+++ b/t/t7004-tag.sh
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ test_expect_success 'listing all tags in an empty tree should succeed' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'listing all tags in an empty tree should output nothing' '
-	test `git tag -l | wc -l` -eq 0 &&
-	test `git tag | wc -l` -eq 0
+	test $(git tag -l | wc -l) -eq 0 &&
+	test $(git tag | wc -l) -eq 0
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'looking for a tag in an empty tree should fail' \
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ test_expect_success 'listing all tags if one exists should succeed' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'listing all tags if one exists should output that tag' '
-	test `git tag -l` = mytag &&
-	test `git tag` = mytag
+	test $(git tag -l) = mytag &&
+	test $(git tag) = mytag
 '
 
 # pattern matching:
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ test_expect_success 'listing a tag using a matching pattern should succeed' \
 
 test_expect_success \
 	'listing a tag using a matching pattern should output that tag' \
-	'test `git tag -l mytag` = mytag'
+	'test $(git tag -l mytag) = mytag'
 
 # todo: git tag -l now returns always zero, when fixed, change this test
 test_expect_success \
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ test_expect_success \
 
 test_expect_success \
 	'listing tags using a non-matching pattern should output nothing' \
-	'test `git tag -l xxx | wc -l` -eq 0'
+	'test $(git tag -l xxx | wc -l) -eq 0'
 
 # special cases for creating tags:
 
@@ -102,13 +102,13 @@ test_expect_success \
 
 test_expect_success \
 	'trying to create a tag with a non-valid name should fail' '
-	test `git tag -l | wc -l` -eq 1 &&
+	test $(git tag -l | wc -l) -eq 1 &&
 	test_must_fail git tag "" &&
 	test_must_fail git tag .othertag &&
 	test_must_fail git tag "other tag" &&
 	test_must_fail git tag "othertag^" &&
 	test_must_fail git tag "other~tag" &&
-	test `git tag -l | wc -l` -eq 1
+	test $(git tag -l | wc -l) -eq 1
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'creating a tag using HEAD directly should succeed' '
diff --git a/t/t7006-pager.sh b/t/t7006-pager.sh
index 6ea7ac4c4..e4fc5c826 100755
--- a/t/t7006-pager.sh
+++ b/t/t7006-pager.sh
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ test_expect_success TTY 'command-specific pager works for external commands' '
 	echo "foo:initial" >expect &&
 	>actual &&
 	test_config pager.external "sed s/^/foo:/ >actual" &&
-	test_terminal git --exec-path="`pwd`" external log --format=%s -1 &&
+	test_terminal git --exec-path="$(pwd)" external log --format=%s -1 &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t7103-reset-bare.sh b/t/t7103-reset-bare.sh
index 1eef93c2b..afe36a533 100755
--- a/t/t7103-reset-bare.sh
+++ b/t/t7103-reset-bare.sh
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ test_expect_success '"mixed" reset is not allowed in bare' '
 
 test_expect_success '"soft" reset is allowed in bare' '
 	git reset --soft HEAD^ &&
-	test "`git show --pretty=format:%s | head -n 1`" = "one"
+	test "$(git show --pretty=format:%s | head -n 1)" = "one"
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh b/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh
index dda3929d9..68ea31d69 100755
--- a/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh
+++ b/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ submodule and "git submodule update --rebase/--merge" does not detach the HEAD.
 
 compare_head()
 {
-    sha_master=`git rev-list --max-count=1 master`
-    sha_head=`git rev-list --max-count=1 HEAD`
+    sha_master=$(git rev-list --max-count=1 master)
+    sha_head=$(git rev-list --max-count=1 HEAD)
 
     test "$sha_master" = "$sha_head"
 }
diff --git a/t/t7408-submodule-reference.sh b/t/t7408-submodule-reference.sh
index b770b2f04..eaea19b8f 100755
--- a/t/t7408-submodule-reference.sh
+++ b/t/t7408-submodule-reference.sh
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 test_description='test clone --reference'
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
-base_dir=`pwd`
+base_dir=$(pwd)
 
 U=$base_dir/UPLOAD_LOG
 
diff --git a/t/t7504-commit-msg-hook.sh b/t/t7504-commit-msg-hook.sh
index 1f53ea809..8728db61d 100755
--- a/t/t7504-commit-msg-hook.sh
+++ b/t/t7504-commit-msg-hook.sh
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ EOF
 chmod +x "$HOOK"
 
 commit_msg_is () {
-	test "`git log --pretty=format:%s%b -1`" = "$1"
+	test "$(git log --pretty=format:%s%b -1)" = "$1"
 }
 
 test_expect_success 'hook edits commit message' '
diff --git a/t/t7505-prepare-commit-msg-hook.sh b/t/t7505-prepare-commit-msg-hook.sh
index 03dce09cf..b13f72975 100755
--- a/t/t7505-prepare-commit-msg-hook.sh
+++ b/t/t7505-prepare-commit-msg-hook.sh
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ test_expect_success 'with hook (-m)' '
 	echo "more" >> file &&
 	git add file &&
 	git commit -m "more" &&
-	test "`git log -1 --pretty=format:%s`" = "message (no editor)"
+	test "$(git log -1 --pretty=format:%s)" = "message (no editor)"
 
 '
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ test_expect_success 'with hook (-m editor)' '
 	echo "more" >> file &&
 	git add file &&
 	GIT_EDITOR="\"\$FAKE_EDITOR\"" git commit -e -m "more more" &&
-	test "`git log -1 --pretty=format:%s`" = message
+	test "$(git log -1 --pretty=format:%s)" = message
 
 '
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ test_expect_success 'with hook (-t)' '
 	echo "more" >> file &&
 	git add file &&
 	git commit -t "$(git rev-parse --git-dir)/template" &&
-	test "`git log -1 --pretty=format:%s`" = template
+	test "$(git log -1 --pretty=format:%s)" = template
 
 '
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ test_expect_success 'with hook (-F)' '
 	echo "more" >> file &&
 	git add file &&
 	(echo more | git commit -F -) &&
-	test "`git log -1 --pretty=format:%s`" = "message (no editor)"
+	test "$(git log -1 --pretty=format:%s)" = "message (no editor)"
 
 '
 
@@ -89,17 +89,17 @@ test_expect_success 'with hook (-F editor)' '
 	echo "more" >> file &&
 	git add file &&
 	(echo more more | GIT_EDITOR="\"\$FAKE_EDITOR\"" git commit -e -F -) &&
-	test "`git log -1 --pretty=format:%s`" = message
+	test "$(git log -1 --pretty=format:%s)" = message
 
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with hook (-C)' '
 
-	head=`git rev-parse HEAD` &&
+	head=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	echo "more" >> file &&
 	git add file &&
 	git commit -C $head &&
-	test "`git log -1 --pretty=format:%s`" = "$head (no editor)"
+	test "$(git log -1 --pretty=format:%s)" = "$head (no editor)"
 
 '
 
@@ -108,27 +108,27 @@ test_expect_success 'with hook (editor)' '
 	echo "more more" >> file &&
 	git add file &&
 	GIT_EDITOR="\"\$FAKE_EDITOR\"" git commit &&
-	test "`git log -1 --pretty=format:%s`" = default
+	test "$(git log -1 --pretty=format:%s)" = default
 
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with hook (--amend)' '
 
-	head=`git rev-parse HEAD` &&
+	head=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	echo "more" >> file &&
 	git add file &&
 	GIT_EDITOR="\"\$FAKE_EDITOR\"" git commit --amend &&
-	test "`git log -1 --pretty=format:%s`" = "$head"
+	test "$(git log -1 --pretty=format:%s)" = "$head"
 
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with hook (-c)' '
 
-	head=`git rev-parse HEAD` &&
+	head=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	echo "more" >> file &&
 	git add file &&
 	GIT_EDITOR="\"\$FAKE_EDITOR\"" git commit -c $head &&
-	test "`git log -1 --pretty=format:%s`" = "$head"
+	test "$(git log -1 --pretty=format:%s)" = "$head"
 
 '
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ test_expect_success 'with hook (merge)' '
 	git commit -m other &&
 	git checkout - &&
 	git merge --no-ff other &&
-	test "`git log -1 --pretty=format:%s`" = "merge (no editor)"
+	test "$(git log -1 --pretty=format:%s)" = "merge (no editor)"
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with hook and editor (merge)' '
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ test_expect_success 'with hook and editor (merge)' '
 	git commit -m other &&
 	git checkout - &&
 	env GIT_EDITOR="\"\$FAKE_EDITOR\"" git merge --no-ff -e other &&
-	test "`git log -1 --pretty=format:%s`" = "merge"
+	test "$(git log -1 --pretty=format:%s)" = "merge"
 '
 
 cat > "$HOOK" <<'EOF'
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ EOF
 test_expect_success 'with failing hook' '
 
 	test_when_finished "git checkout -f master" &&
-	head=`git rev-parse HEAD` &&
+	head=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	echo "more" >> file &&
 	git add file &&
 	test_must_fail env GIT_EDITOR="\"\$FAKE_EDITOR\"" git commit -c $head
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ test_expect_success 'with failing hook' '
 test_expect_success 'with failing hook (--no-verify)' '
 
 	test_when_finished "git checkout -f master" &&
-	head=`git rev-parse HEAD` &&
+	head=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	echo "more" >> file &&
 	git add file &&
 	test_must_fail env GIT_EDITOR="\"\$FAKE_EDITOR\"" git commit --no-verify -c $head
diff --git a/t/t7602-merge-octopus-many.sh b/t/t7602-merge-octopus-many.sh
index 955f09f8e..6abe441ae 100755
--- a/t/t7602-merge-octopus-many.sh
+++ b/t/t7602-merge-octopus-many.sh
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ test_expect_success 'setup' '
 		git add c$i.c &&
 		git commit -m c$i &&
 		git tag c$i &&
-		i=`expr $i + 1` || return 1
+		i=$(expr $i + 1) || return 1
 	done
 '
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ test_expect_success 'merge c1 with c2, c3, c4, ... c29' '
 	while test $i -le 30
 	do
 		refs="$refs c$i"
-		i=`expr $i + 1`
+		i=$(expr $i + 1)
 	done &&
 	git merge $refs &&
 	test "$(git rev-parse c1)" != "$(git rev-parse HEAD)" &&
@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ test_expect_success 'merge c1 with c2, c3, c4, ... c29' '
 	while test $i -le 30
 	do
 		test "$(git rev-parse c$i)" = "$(git rev-parse HEAD^$i)" &&
-		i=`expr $i + 1` || return 1
+		i=$(expr $i + 1) || return 1
 	done &&
 	git diff --exit-code &&
 	i=1 &&
 	while test $i -le 30
 	do
 		test -f c$i.c &&
-		i=`expr $i + 1` || return 1
+		i=$(expr $i + 1) || return 1
 	done
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t7700-repack.sh b/t/t7700-repack.sh
index 021c5479b..6061a0414 100755
--- a/t/t7700-repack.sh
+++ b/t/t7700-repack.sh
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ test_expect_success 'writing bitmaps via config can duplicate .keep objects' '
 
 test_expect_success 'loose objects in alternate ODB are not repacked' '
 	mkdir alt_objects &&
-	echo `pwd`/alt_objects > .git/objects/info/alternates &&
+	echo $(pwd)/alt_objects > .git/objects/info/alternates &&
 	echo content3 > file3 &&
 	objsha1=$(GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY=alt_objects git hash-object -w file3) &&
 	git add file3 &&
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ test_expect_success 'packed unreachable obs in alternate ODB are not loosened' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'local packed unreachable obs that exist in alternate ODB are not loosened' '
-	echo `pwd`/alt_objects > .git/objects/info/alternates &&
+	echo $(pwd)/alt_objects > .git/objects/info/alternates &&
 	echo "$csha1" | git pack-objects --non-empty --all --reflog pack &&
 	rm -f .git/objects/pack/* &&
 	mv pack-* .git/objects/pack/ &&
diff --git a/t/t8003-blame-corner-cases.sh b/t/t8003-blame-corner-cases.sh
index 16f1442c1..656842975 100755
--- a/t/t8003-blame-corner-cases.sh
+++ b/t/t8003-blame-corner-cases.sh
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ test_expect_success 'blame path that used to be a directory' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'blame to a commit with no author name' '
-  TREE=`git rev-parse HEAD:` &&
+  TREE=$(git rev-parse HEAD:) &&
   cat >badcommit <<EOF &&
 tree $TREE
 author <noname> 1234567890 +0000
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ committer David Reiss <dreiss@facebook.com> 1234567890 +0000
 
 some message
 EOF
-  COMMIT=`git hash-object -t commit -w badcommit` &&
+  COMMIT=$(git hash-object -t commit -w badcommit) &&
   git --no-pager blame $COMMIT -- uno >/dev/null
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t9001-send-email.sh b/t/t9001-send-email.sh
index 834d91a69..b3355d2c7 100755
--- a/t/t9001-send-email.sh
+++ b/t/t9001-send-email.sh
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ clean_fake_sendmail () {
 }
 
 test_expect_success $PREREQ 'Extract patches' '
-	patches=`git format-patch -s --cc="One <one@example.com>" --cc=two@example.com -n HEAD^1`
+	patches=$(git format-patch -s --cc="One <one@example.com>" --cc=two@example.com -n HEAD^1)
 '
 
 # Test no confirm early to ensure remaining tests will not hang
@@ -1151,7 +1151,7 @@ test_expect_success $PREREQ '--no-bcc overrides sendemail.bcc' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success $PREREQ 'patches To headers are used by default' '
-	patch=`git format-patch -1 --to="bodies@example.com"` &&
+	patch=$(git format-patch -1 --to="bodies@example.com") &&
 	test_when_finished "rm $patch" &&
 	git send-email \
 		--dry-run \
@@ -1162,7 +1162,7 @@ test_expect_success $PREREQ 'patches To headers are used by default' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success $PREREQ 'patches To headers are appended to' '
-	patch=`git format-patch -1 --to="bodies@example.com"` &&
+	patch=$(git format-patch -1 --to="bodies@example.com") &&
 	test_when_finished "rm $patch" &&
 	git send-email \
 		--dry-run \
@@ -1175,8 +1175,8 @@ test_expect_success $PREREQ 'patches To headers are appended to' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success $PREREQ 'To headers from files reset each patch' '
-	patch1=`git format-patch -1 --to="bodies@example.com"` &&
-	patch2=`git format-patch -1 --to="other@example.com" HEAD~` &&
+	patch1=$(git format-patch -1 --to="bodies@example.com") &&
+	patch2=$(git format-patch -1 --to="other@example.com" HEAD~) &&
 	test_when_finished "rm $patch1 && rm $patch2" &&
 	git send-email \
 		--dry-run \
@@ -1488,7 +1488,7 @@ test_cover_addresses () {
 	clean_fake_sendmail &&
 	rm -fr outdir &&
 	git format-patch --cover-letter -2 -o outdir &&
-	cover=`echo outdir/0000-*.patch` &&
+	cover=$(echo outdir/0000-*.patch) &&
 	mv $cover cover-to-edit.patch &&
 	perl -pe "s/^From:/$header: extra\@address.com\nFrom:/" cover-to-edit.patch >"$cover" &&
 	git send-email \
diff --git a/t/t9100-git-svn-basic.sh b/t/t9100-git-svn-basic.sh
index 4fea8d901..258d9b8ce 100755
--- a/t/t9100-git-svn-basic.sh
+++ b/t/t9100-git-svn-basic.sh
@@ -265,18 +265,18 @@ test_expect_success 'able to dcommit to a subdirectory' "
 	git update-index --add d &&
 	git commit -m '/bar/d should be in the log' &&
 	git svn dcommit -i bar &&
-	test -z \"\`git diff refs/heads/my-bar refs/remotes/bar\`\" &&
+	test -z \"\$(git diff refs/heads/my-bar refs/remotes/bar)\" &&
 	mkdir newdir &&
 	echo new > newdir/dir &&
 	git update-index --add newdir/dir &&
 	git commit -m 'add a new directory' &&
 	git svn dcommit -i bar &&
-	test -z \"\`git diff refs/heads/my-bar refs/remotes/bar\`\" &&
+	test -z \"\$(git diff refs/heads/my-bar refs/remotes/bar)\" &&
 	echo foo >> newdir/dir &&
 	git update-index newdir/dir &&
 	git commit -m 'modify a file in new directory' &&
 	git svn dcommit -i bar &&
-	test -z \"\`git diff refs/heads/my-bar refs/remotes/bar\`\"
+	test -z \"\$(git diff refs/heads/my-bar refs/remotes/bar)\"
 	"
 
 test_expect_success 'dcommit should not fail with a touched file' '
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ test_expect_success 'able to set-tree to a subdirectory' "
 	git update-index d &&
 	git commit -m 'update /bar/d' &&
 	git svn set-tree -i bar HEAD &&
-	test -z \"\`git diff refs/heads/my-bar refs/remotes/bar\`\"
+	test -z \"\$(git diff refs/heads/my-bar refs/remotes/bar)\"
 	"
 
 test_expect_success 'git-svn works in a bare repository' '
diff --git a/t/t9101-git-svn-props.sh b/t/t9101-git-svn-props.sh
index 8869f5018..e8173d5fe 100755
--- a/t/t9101-git-svn-props.sh
+++ b/t/t9101-git-svn-props.sh
@@ -26,27 +26,27 @@ cd import
 EOF
 
 	printf "Hello\r\nWorld\r\n" > crlf
-	a_crlf=`git hash-object -w crlf`
+	a_crlf=$(git hash-object -w crlf)
 	printf "Hello\rWorld\r" > cr
-	a_cr=`git hash-object -w cr`
+	a_cr=$(git hash-object -w cr)
 	printf "Hello\nWorld\n" > lf
-	a_lf=`git hash-object -w lf`
+	a_lf=$(git hash-object -w lf)
 
 	printf "Hello\r\nWorld" > ne_crlf
-	a_ne_crlf=`git hash-object -w ne_crlf`
+	a_ne_crlf=$(git hash-object -w ne_crlf)
 	printf "Hello\nWorld" > ne_lf
-	a_ne_lf=`git hash-object -w ne_lf`
+	a_ne_lf=$(git hash-object -w ne_lf)
 	printf "Hello\rWorld" > ne_cr
-	a_ne_cr=`git hash-object -w ne_cr`
+	a_ne_cr=$(git hash-object -w ne_cr)
 
 	touch empty
-	a_empty=`git hash-object -w empty`
+	a_empty=$(git hash-object -w empty)
 	printf "\n" > empty_lf
-	a_empty_lf=`git hash-object -w empty_lf`
+	a_empty_lf=$(git hash-object -w empty_lf)
 	printf "\r" > empty_cr
-	a_empty_cr=`git hash-object -w empty_cr`
+	a_empty_cr=$(git hash-object -w empty_cr)
 	printf "\r\n" > empty_crlf
-	a_empty_crlf=`git hash-object -w empty_crlf`
+	a_empty_crlf=$(git hash-object -w empty_crlf)
 
 	svn_cmd import --no-auto-props -m 'import for git svn' . "$svnrepo" >/dev/null
 cd ..
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ test_expect_success "$name" \
 	git pull . ${remotes_git_svn}'
 
 expect='/* $Id$ */'
-got="`sed -ne 2p kw.c`"
+got="$(sed -ne 2p kw.c)"
 test_expect_success 'raw $Id$ found in kw.c' "test '$expect' = '$got'"
 
 test_expect_success "propset CR on crlf files" '
@@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ done
 cd test_wc
 	printf '$Id$\rHello\rWorld\r' > cr
 	printf '$Id$\rHello\rWorld' > ne_cr
-	a_cr=`printf '$Id$\r\nHello\r\nWorld\r\n' | git hash-object --stdin`
-	a_ne_cr=`printf '$Id$\r\nHello\r\nWorld' | git hash-object --stdin`
+	a_cr=$(printf '$Id$\r\nHello\r\nWorld\r\n' | git hash-object --stdin)
+	a_ne_cr=$(printf '$Id$\r\nHello\r\nWorld' | git hash-object --stdin)
 	test_expect_success 'Set CRLF on cr files' \
 	'svn_cmd propset svn:eol-style CRLF cr &&
 	 svn_cmd propset svn:eol-style CRLF ne_cr &&
@@ -119,8 +119,8 @@ cd ..
 test_expect_success 'fetch and pull latest from svn' \
 	'git svn fetch && git pull . ${remotes_git_svn}'
 
-b_cr="`git hash-object cr`"
-b_ne_cr="`git hash-object ne_cr`"
+b_cr="$(git hash-object cr)"
+b_ne_cr="$(git hash-object ne_cr)"
 
 test_expect_success 'CRLF + $Id$' "test '$a_cr' = '$b_cr'"
 test_expect_success 'CRLF + $Id$ (no newline)' "test '$a_ne_cr' = '$b_ne_cr'"
diff --git a/t/t9104-git-svn-follow-parent.sh b/t/t9104-git-svn-follow-parent.sh
index 83f17e13e..cd480edf1 100755
--- a/t/t9104-git-svn-follow-parent.sh
+++ b/t/t9104-git-svn-follow-parent.sh
@@ -31,12 +31,12 @@ test_expect_success 'initialize repo' '
 test_expect_success 'init and fetch a moved directory' '
 	git svn init --minimize-url -i thunk "$svnrepo"/thunk &&
 	git svn fetch -i thunk &&
-	test "`git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/thunk@2`" \
-           = "`git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/thunk~1`" &&
-        test "`git cat-file blob refs/remotes/thunk:readme |\
-                 sed -n -e "3p"`" = goodbye &&
-	test -z "`git config --get svn-remote.svn.fetch \
-	         "^trunk:refs/remotes/thunk@2$"`"
+	test "$(git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/thunk@2)" \
+	   = "$(git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/thunk~1)" &&
+	test "$(git cat-file blob refs/remotes/thunk:readme |\
+		 sed -n -e "3p")" = goodbye &&
+	test -z "$(git config --get svn-remote.svn.fetch \
+		 "^trunk:refs/remotes/thunk@2$")"
 	'
 
 test_expect_success 'init and fetch from one svn-remote' '
@@ -46,10 +46,10 @@ test_expect_success 'init and fetch from one svn-remote' '
         git config --add svn-remote.svn.fetch \
           thunk:refs/remotes/svn/thunk &&
         git svn fetch -i svn/thunk &&
-	test "`git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/svn/trunk`" \
-           = "`git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/svn/thunk~1`" &&
-        test "`git cat-file blob refs/remotes/svn/thunk:readme |\
-                 sed -n -e "3p"`" = goodbye
+	test "$(git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/svn/trunk)" \
+	   = "$(git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/svn/thunk~1)" &&
+	test "$(git cat-file blob refs/remotes/svn/thunk:readme |\
+		 sed -n -e "3p")" = goodbye
         '
 
 test_expect_success 'follow deleted parent' '
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ test_expect_success 'follow deleted parent' '
           junk:refs/remotes/svn/junk &&
         git svn fetch -i svn/thunk &&
         git svn fetch -i svn/junk &&
-        test -z "`git diff svn/junk svn/trunk`" &&
-        test "`git merge-base svn/junk svn/trunk`" \
-           = "`git rev-parse svn/trunk`"
+	test -z "$(git diff svn/junk svn/trunk)" &&
+	test "$(git merge-base svn/junk svn/trunk)" \
+	   = "$(git rev-parse svn/trunk)"
         '
 
 test_expect_success 'follow larger parent' '
@@ -80,10 +80,10 @@ test_expect_success 'follow larger parent' '
         git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/larger &&
         git rev-parse --verify \
 	   refs/remotes/larger-parent &&
-        test "`git merge-base \
+	test "$(git merge-base \
 		 refs/remotes/larger-parent \
-                 refs/remotes/larger`" = \
-             "`git rev-parse refs/remotes/larger`"
+		 refs/remotes/larger)" = \
+	     "$(git rev-parse refs/remotes/larger)"
         '
 
 test_expect_success 'follow higher-level parent' '
@@ -106,8 +106,8 @@ test_expect_success 'follow deleted directory' '
 	svn_cmd rm -m "remove glob" "$svnrepo"/glob &&
 	git svn init --minimize-url -i glob "$svnrepo"/glob &&
 	git svn fetch -i glob &&
-	test "`git cat-file blob refs/remotes/glob:blob/bye`" = hi &&
-	test "`git ls-tree refs/remotes/glob | wc -l `" -eq 1
+	test "$(git cat-file blob refs/remotes/glob:blob/bye)" = hi &&
+	test "$(git ls-tree refs/remotes/glob | wc -l )" -eq 1
 	'
 
 # ref: r9270 of the Subversion repository: (http://svn.collab.net/repos/svn)
@@ -142,9 +142,9 @@ test_expect_success 'follow-parent avoids deleting relevant info' '
 	git svn init --minimize-url -i r9270-t \
 	  "$svnrepo"/r9270/trunk/subversion/bindings/swig/perl/native/t &&
 	git svn fetch -i r9270-t &&
-	test `git rev-list r9270-t | wc -l` -eq 2 &&
-	test "`git ls-tree --name-only r9270-t~1`" = \
-	     "`git ls-tree --name-only r9270-t`"
+	test $(git rev-list r9270-t | wc -l) -eq 2 &&
+	test "$(git ls-tree --name-only r9270-t~1)" = \
+	     "$(git ls-tree --name-only r9270-t)"
 	'
 
 test_expect_success "track initial change if it was only made to parent" '
@@ -152,11 +152,11 @@ test_expect_success "track initial change if it was only made to parent" '
 	git svn init --minimize-url -i r9270-d \
 	  "$svnrepo"/r9270/drunk/subversion/bindings/swig/perl/native/t &&
 	git svn fetch -i r9270-d &&
-	test `git rev-list r9270-d | wc -l` -eq 3 &&
-	test "`git ls-tree --name-only r9270-t`" = \
-	     "`git ls-tree --name-only r9270-d`" &&
-	test "`git rev-parse r9270-t`" = \
-	     "`git rev-parse r9270-d~1`"
+	test $(git rev-list r9270-d | wc -l) -eq 3 &&
+	test "$(git ls-tree --name-only r9270-t)" = \
+	     "$(git ls-tree --name-only r9270-d)" &&
+	test "$(git rev-parse r9270-t)" = \
+	     "$(git rev-parse r9270-d~1)"
 	'
 
 test_expect_success "follow-parent is atomic" '
@@ -193,19 +193,19 @@ test_expect_success "follow-parent is atomic" '
 	git svn fetch -i stunk &&
 	git svn init --minimize-url -i flunked "$svnrepo"/flunked &&
 	git svn fetch -i flunked &&
-	test "`git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/flunk@18`" \
-	   = "`git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/stunk`" &&
-	test "`git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/flunk~1`" \
-	   = "`git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/stunk`" &&
-	test "`git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/flunked~1`" \
-	   = "`git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/stunk~1`"
+	test "$(git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/flunk@18)" \
+	   = "$(git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/stunk)" &&
+	test "$(git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/flunk~1)" \
+	   = "$(git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/stunk)" &&
+	test "$(git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/flunked~1)" \
+	   = "$(git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/stunk~1)"
 	'
 
 test_expect_success "track multi-parent paths" '
 	svn_cmd cp -m "resurrect /glob" "$svnrepo"/r9270 "$svnrepo"/glob &&
 	git svn multi-fetch &&
-	test `git cat-file commit refs/remotes/glob | \
-	       grep "^parent " | wc -l` -eq 2
+	test $(git cat-file commit refs/remotes/glob | \
+	       grep "^parent " | wc -l) -eq 2
 	'
 
 test_expect_success "multi-fetch continues to work" "
diff --git a/t/t9105-git-svn-commit-diff.sh b/t/t9105-git-svn-commit-diff.sh
index 5d0afeae6..6ed5f74e2 100755
--- a/t/t9105-git-svn-commit-diff.sh
+++ b/t/t9105-git-svn-commit-diff.sh
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ test_expect_success 'initialize repo' '
 	git commit -a -m "another"
 	'
 
-head=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD^0`
-prev=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD^1`
+head=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD^0)
+prev=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD^1)
 
 # the internals of the commit-diff command are the same as the regular
 # commit, so only a basic test of functionality is needed since we've
diff --git a/t/t9107-git-svn-migrate.sh b/t/t9107-git-svn-migrate.sh
index 6e69fc4c6..906019803 100755
--- a/t/t9107-git-svn-migrate.sh
+++ b/t/t9107-git-svn-migrate.sh
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ test_expect_success 'setup old-looking metadata' '
 	git update-ref -d refs/${remotes_git_svn} refs/${remotes_git_svn}
 	'
 
-head=`git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/git-svn-HEAD^0`
+head=$(git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/git-svn-HEAD^0)
 test_expect_success 'git-svn-HEAD is a real HEAD' "test -n '$head'"
 
-svnrepo_escaped=`echo $svnrepo | sed 's/ /%20/'`
+svnrepo_escaped=$(echo $svnrepo | sed 's/ /%20/')
 
 test_expect_success 'initialize old-style (v0) git svn layout' '
 	mkdir -p "$GIT_DIR"/git-svn/info "$GIT_DIR"/svn/info &&
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ test_expect_success 'initialize old-style (v0) git svn layout' '
 	git rev-parse --verify refs/${remotes_git_svn}^0 &&
 	git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/svn^0 &&
 	test "$(git config --get svn-remote.svn.url)" = "$svnrepo_escaped" &&
-	test `git config --get svn-remote.svn.fetch` = \
+	test $(git config --get svn-remote.svn.fetch) = \
              ":refs/${remotes_git_svn}"
 	'
 
@@ -46,10 +46,10 @@ test_expect_success 'initialize a multi-repository repo' '
 	git svn init "$svnrepo" -T trunk -t tags -b branches &&
 	git config --get-all svn-remote.svn.fetch > fetch.out &&
 	grep "^trunk:refs/remotes/origin/trunk$" fetch.out &&
-	test -n "`git config --get svn-remote.svn.branches \
-	            "^branches/\*:refs/remotes/origin/\*$"`" &&
-	test -n "`git config --get svn-remote.svn.tags \
-	            "^tags/\*:refs/remotes/origin/tags/\*$"`" &&
+	test -n "$(git config --get svn-remote.svn.branches \
+		    "^branches/\*:refs/remotes/origin/\*$")" &&
+	test -n "$(git config --get svn-remote.svn.tags \
+		    "^tags/\*:refs/remotes/origin/tags/\*$")" &&
 	git config --unset svn-remote.svn.branches \
 	                        "^branches/\*:refs/remotes/origin/\*$" &&
 	git config --unset svn-remote.svn.tags \
@@ -75,28 +75,28 @@ test_expect_success 'multi-fetch works on partial urls + paths' "
 	for i in trunk a b tags/0.1 tags/0.2 tags/0.3; do
 		git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/origin/\$i^0 >> refs.out || exit 1;
 	    done &&
-	test -z \"\`sort < refs.out | uniq -d\`\" &&
+	test -z \"\$(sort < refs.out | uniq -d)\" &&
 	for i in trunk a b tags/0.1 tags/0.2 tags/0.3; do
 	  for j in trunk a b tags/0.1 tags/0.2 tags/0.3; do
 		if test \$j != \$i; then continue; fi
-	    test -z \"\`git diff refs/remotes/origin/\$i \
-	                         refs/remotes/origin/\$j\`\" ||exit 1; done; done
+	    test -z \"\$(git diff refs/remotes/origin/\$i \
+				 refs/remotes/origin/\$j)\" ||exit 1; done; done
 	"
 
 test_expect_success 'migrate --minimize on old inited layout' '
 	git config --unset-all svn-remote.svn.fetch &&
 	git config --unset-all svn-remote.svn.url &&
 	rm -rf "$GIT_DIR"/svn &&
-	for i in `cat fetch.out`; do
-		path=`expr $i : "\([^:]*\):.*$"`
-		ref=`expr $i : "[^:]*:\(refs/remotes/.*\)$"`
+	for i in $(cat fetch.out); do
+		path=$(expr $i : "\([^:]*\):.*$")
+		ref=$(expr $i : "[^:]*:\(refs/remotes/.*\)$")
 		if test -z "$ref"; then continue; fi
 		if test -n "$path"; then path="/$path"; fi
 		( mkdir -p "$GIT_DIR"/svn/$ref/info/ &&
 		echo "$svnrepo"$path > "$GIT_DIR"/svn/$ref/info/url ) || exit 1;
 	done &&
 	git svn migrate --minimize &&
-	test -z "`git config -l | grep "^svn-remote\.git-svn\."`" &&
+	test -z "$(git config -l | grep "^svn-remote\.git-svn\.")" &&
 	git config --get-all svn-remote.svn.fetch > fetch.out &&
 	grep "^trunk:refs/remotes/origin/trunk$" fetch.out &&
 	grep "^branches/a:refs/remotes/origin/a$" fetch.out &&
diff --git a/t/t9108-git-svn-glob.sh b/t/t9108-git-svn-glob.sh
index d732d3130..a526d6037 100755
--- a/t/t9108-git-svn-glob.sh
+++ b/t/t9108-git-svn-glob.sh
@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@ test_expect_success 'test refspec globbing' '
 	git log --pretty=oneline refs/remotes/tags/end | \
 	    sed -e "s/^.\{41\}//" > output.end &&
 	test_cmp expect.end output.end &&
-	test "`git rev-parse refs/remotes/tags/end~1`" = \
-		"`git rev-parse refs/remotes/branches/start`" &&
-	test "`git rev-parse refs/remotes/branches/start~2`" = \
-		"`git rev-parse refs/remotes/trunk`" &&
+	test "$(git rev-parse refs/remotes/tags/end~1)" = \
+		"$(git rev-parse refs/remotes/branches/start)" &&
+	test "$(git rev-parse refs/remotes/branches/start~2)" = \
+		"$(git rev-parse refs/remotes/trunk)" &&
 	test_must_fail git rev-parse refs/remotes/tags/end@3
 	'
 
@@ -75,12 +75,12 @@ test_expect_success 'test left-hand-side only globbing' '
 		svn_cmd commit -m "try to try"
 	) &&
 	git svn fetch two &&
-	test `git rev-list refs/remotes/two/tags/end | wc -l` -eq 6 &&
-	test `git rev-list refs/remotes/two/branches/start | wc -l` -eq 3 &&
-	test `git rev-parse refs/remotes/two/branches/start~2` = \
-	     `git rev-parse refs/remotes/two/trunk` &&
-	test `git rev-parse refs/remotes/two/tags/end~3` = \
-	     `git rev-parse refs/remotes/two/branches/start` &&
+	test $(git rev-list refs/remotes/two/tags/end | wc -l) -eq 6 &&
+	test $(git rev-list refs/remotes/two/branches/start | wc -l) -eq 3 &&
+	test $(git rev-parse refs/remotes/two/branches/start~2) = \
+	     $(git rev-parse refs/remotes/two/trunk) &&
+	test $(git rev-parse refs/remotes/two/tags/end~3) = \
+	     $(git rev-parse refs/remotes/two/branches/start) &&
 	git log --pretty=oneline refs/remotes/two/tags/end | \
 	    sed -e "s/^.\{41\}//" > output.two &&
 	test_cmp expect.two output.two
diff --git a/t/t9109-git-svn-multi-glob.sh b/t/t9109-git-svn-multi-glob.sh
index c318f9f94..f36b74924 100755
--- a/t/t9109-git-svn-multi-glob.sh
+++ b/t/t9109-git-svn-multi-glob.sh
@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@ test_expect_success 'test refspec globbing' '
 	git log --pretty=oneline refs/remotes/tags/end | \
 	    sed -e "s/^.\{41\}//" > output.end &&
 	test_cmp expect.end output.end &&
-	test "`git rev-parse refs/remotes/tags/end~1`" = \
-		"`git rev-parse refs/remotes/branches/v1/start`" &&
-	test "`git rev-parse refs/remotes/branches/v1/start~2`" = \
-		"`git rev-parse refs/remotes/trunk`" &&
+	test "$(git rev-parse refs/remotes/tags/end~1)" = \
+		"$(git rev-parse refs/remotes/branches/v1/start)" &&
+	test "$(git rev-parse refs/remotes/branches/v1/start~2)" = \
+		"$(git rev-parse refs/remotes/trunk)" &&
 	test_must_fail git rev-parse refs/remotes/tags/end@3
 	'
 
@@ -75,12 +75,12 @@ test_expect_success 'test left-hand-side only globbing' '
 		svn_cmd commit -m "try to try"
 	) &&
 	git svn fetch two &&
-	test `git rev-list refs/remotes/two/tags/end | wc -l` -eq 6 &&
-	test `git rev-list refs/remotes/two/branches/v1/start | wc -l` -eq 3 &&
-	test `git rev-parse refs/remotes/two/branches/v1/start~2` = \
-	     `git rev-parse refs/remotes/two/trunk` &&
-	test `git rev-parse refs/remotes/two/tags/end~3` = \
-	     `git rev-parse refs/remotes/two/branches/v1/start` &&
+	test $(git rev-list refs/remotes/two/tags/end | wc -l) -eq 6 &&
+	test $(git rev-list refs/remotes/two/branches/v1/start | wc -l) -eq 3 &&
+	test $(git rev-parse refs/remotes/two/branches/v1/start~2) = \
+	     $(git rev-parse refs/remotes/two/trunk) &&
+	test $(git rev-parse refs/remotes/two/tags/end~3) = \
+	     $(git rev-parse refs/remotes/two/branches/v1/start) &&
 	git log --pretty=oneline refs/remotes/two/tags/end | \
 	    sed -e "s/^.\{41\}//" > output.two &&
 	test_cmp expect.two output.two
@@ -124,12 +124,12 @@ test_expect_success 'test another branch' '
 	git config --add svn-remote.four.tags \
 	                 "tags/*:refs/remotes/four/tags/*" &&
 	git svn fetch four &&
-	test `git rev-list refs/remotes/four/tags/next | wc -l` -eq 5 &&
-	test `git rev-list refs/remotes/four/branches/v2/start | wc -l` -eq 3 &&
-	test `git rev-parse refs/remotes/four/branches/v2/start~2` = \
-	     `git rev-parse refs/remotes/four/trunk` &&
-	test `git rev-parse refs/remotes/four/tags/next~2` = \
-	     `git rev-parse refs/remotes/four/branches/v2/start` &&
+	test $(git rev-list refs/remotes/four/tags/next | wc -l) -eq 5 &&
+	test $(git rev-list refs/remotes/four/branches/v2/start | wc -l) -eq 3 &&
+	test $(git rev-parse refs/remotes/four/branches/v2/start~2) = \
+	     $(git rev-parse refs/remotes/four/trunk) &&
+	test $(git rev-parse refs/remotes/four/tags/next~2) = \
+	     $(git rev-parse refs/remotes/four/branches/v2/start) &&
 	git log --pretty=oneline refs/remotes/four/tags/next | \
 	    sed -e "s/^.\{41\}//" > output.four &&
 	test_cmp expect.four output.four
diff --git a/t/t9110-git-svn-use-svm-props.sh b/t/t9110-git-svn-use-svm-props.sh
index a06e4c5b8..29fbdfdd3 100755
--- a/t/t9110-git-svn-use-svm-props.sh
+++ b/t/t9110-git-svn-use-svm-props.sh
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ test_expect_success 'verify metadata for /dir' "
 
 test_expect_success 'find commit based on SVN revision number' "
         git svn find-rev r12 |
-	    grep `git rev-parse HEAD`
+	    grep $(git rev-parse HEAD)
         "
 
 test_expect_success 'empty rebase' "
diff --git a/t/t9114-git-svn-dcommit-merge.sh b/t/t9114-git-svn-dcommit-merge.sh
index fb4187667..a3d388228 100755
--- a/t/t9114-git-svn-dcommit-merge.sh
+++ b/t/t9114-git-svn-dcommit-merge.sh
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ test_expect_success 'setup git mirror and merge' '
 test_debug 'gitk --all & sleep 1'
 
 test_expect_success 'verify pre-merge ancestry' "
-	test x\`git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/svn^2\` = \
-	     x\`git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/merge\` &&
+	test x\$(git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/svn^2) = \
+	     x\$(git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/merge) &&
 	git cat-file commit refs/heads/svn^ | grep '^friend$'
 	"
 
@@ -80,10 +80,10 @@ test_expect_success 'git svn dcommit merges' "
 test_debug 'gitk --all & sleep 1'
 
 test_expect_success 'verify post-merge ancestry' "
-	test x\`git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/svn\` = \
-	     x\`git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/origin/trunk \` &&
-	test x\`git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/svn^2\` = \
-	     x\`git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/merge\` &&
+	test x\$(git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/svn) = \
+	     x\$(git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/origin/trunk) &&
+	test x\$(git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/svn^2) = \
+	     x\$(git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/merge) &&
 	git cat-file commit refs/heads/svn^ | grep '^friend$'
 	"
 
diff --git a/t/t9118-git-svn-funky-branch-names.sh b/t/t9118-git-svn-funky-branch-names.sh
index ed4d1369c..a2219154b 100755
--- a/t/t9118-git-svn-funky-branch-names.sh
+++ b/t/t9118-git-svn-funky-branch-names.sh
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ test_expect_success 'setup svnrepo' '
 # SVN 1.7 will truncate "not-a%40{0]" to just "not-a".
 # Look at what SVN wound up naming the branch and use that.
 # Be sure to escape the @ if it shows up.
-non_reflog=`svn_cmd ls "$svnrepo/pr ject/branches" | grep not-a | sed 's/\///' | sed 's/@/%40/'`
+non_reflog=$(svn_cmd ls "$svnrepo/pr ject/branches" | grep not-a | sed 's/\///' | sed 's/@/%40/')
 
 test_expect_success 'test clone with funky branch names' '
 	git svn clone -s "$svnrepo/pr ject" project &&
diff --git a/t/t9119-git-svn-info.sh b/t/t9119-git-svn-info.sh
index f16f3234a..88241baee 100755
--- a/t/t9119-git-svn-info.sh
+++ b/t/t9119-git-svn-info.sh
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ test_description='git svn info'
 
 # Tested with: svn, version 1.4.4 (r25188)
 # Tested with: svn, version 1.6.[12345689]
-v=`svn_cmd --version | sed -n -e 's/^svn, version \(1\.[0-9]*\.[0-9]*\).*$/\1/p'`
+v=$(svn_cmd --version | sed -n -e 's/^svn, version \(1\.[0-9]*\.[0-9]*\).*$/\1/p')
 case $v in
 1.[456].*)
 	;;
diff --git a/t/t9129-git-svn-i18n-commitencoding.sh b/t/t9129-git-svn-i18n-commitencoding.sh
index 8cfdfe790..39b6bcb39 100755
--- a/t/t9129-git-svn-i18n-commitencoding.sh
+++ b/t/t9129-git-svn-i18n-commitencoding.sh
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ test_description='git svn honors i18n.commitEncoding in config'
 . ./lib-git-svn.sh
 
 compare_git_head_with () {
-	nr=`wc -l < "$1"`
+	nr=$(wc -l < "$1")
 	a=7
 	b=$(($a + $nr - 1))
 	git cat-file commit HEAD | sed -ne "$a,${b}p" >current &&
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fi
 compare_svn_head_with () {
 	# extract just the log message and strip out committer info.
 	# don't use --limit here since svn 1.1.x doesn't have it,
-	LC_ALL="$a_utf8_locale" svn log `git svn info --url` | perl -w -e '
+	LC_ALL="$a_utf8_locale" svn log $(git svn info --url) | perl -w -e '
 		use bytes;
 		$/ = ("-"x72) . "\n";
 		my @x = <STDIN>;
diff --git a/t/t9130-git-svn-authors-file.sh b/t/t9130-git-svn-authors-file.sh
index c44de267a..d306b77c3 100755
--- a/t/t9130-git-svn-authors-file.sh
+++ b/t/t9130-git-svn-authors-file.sh
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ test_expect_success 'start import with incomplete authors file' '
 test_expect_success 'imported 2 revisions successfully' '
 	(
 		cd x
-		test "`git rev-list refs/remotes/git-svn | wc -l`" -eq 2 &&
+		test "$(git rev-list refs/remotes/git-svn | wc -l)" -eq 2 &&
 		git rev-list -1 --pretty=raw refs/remotes/git-svn | \
 		  grep "^author BBBBBBB BBBBBBB <bb@example\.com> " &&
 		git rev-list -1 --pretty=raw refs/remotes/git-svn~1 | \
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ test_expect_success 'continues to import once authors have been added' '
 	(
 		cd x
 		git svn fetch --authors-file=../svn-authors &&
-		test "`git rev-list refs/remotes/git-svn | wc -l`" -eq 4 &&
+		test "$(git rev-list refs/remotes/git-svn | wc -l)" -eq 4 &&
 		git rev-list -1 --pretty=raw refs/remotes/git-svn | \
 		  grep "^author DDDDDDD DDDDDDD <dd@example\.com> " &&
 		git rev-list -1 --pretty=raw refs/remotes/git-svn~1 | \
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ tmp_config_get () {
 test_expect_success 'failure happened without negative side effects' '
 	(
 		cd aa-work &&
-		test 6 -eq "`tmp_config_get svn-remote.svn.branches-maxRev`" &&
-		test 6 -eq "`tmp_config_get svn-remote.svn.tags-maxRev`"
+		test 6 -eq "$(tmp_config_get svn-remote.svn.branches-maxRev)" &&
+		test 6 -eq "$(tmp_config_get svn-remote.svn.tags-maxRev)"
 	)
 	'
 
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ test_expect_success 'fetch continues after authors-file is fixed' '
 	(
 		cd aa-work &&
 		git svn fetch --authors-file=../svn-authors &&
-		test 8 -eq "`tmp_config_get svn-remote.svn.branches-maxRev`" &&
-		test 8 -eq "`tmp_config_get svn-remote.svn.tags-maxRev`"
+		test 8 -eq "$(tmp_config_get svn-remote.svn.branches-maxRev)" &&
+		test 8 -eq "$(tmp_config_get svn-remote.svn.tags-maxRev)"
 	)
 	'
 
diff --git a/t/t9132-git-svn-broken-symlink.sh b/t/t9132-git-svn-broken-symlink.sh
index 6c4c90b03..aeceffaf7 100755
--- a/t/t9132-git-svn-broken-symlink.sh
+++ b/t/t9132-git-svn-broken-symlink.sh
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ test_expect_success 'clone using git svn' 'git svn clone -r1 "$svnrepo" x'
 
 test_expect_success SYMLINKS '"bar" is a symlink that points to "asdf"' '
 	test -L x/bar &&
-	(cd x && test xasdf = x"`git cat-file blob HEAD:bar`")
+	(cd x && test xasdf = x"$(git cat-file blob HEAD:bar)")
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'get "bar" => symlink fix from svn' '
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ test_expect_success 'get "bar" => symlink fix from svn' '
 
 test_expect_success SYMLINKS '"bar" remains a proper symlink' '
 	test -L x/bar &&
-	(cd x && test xdoink = x"`git cat-file blob HEAD:bar`")
+	(cd x && test xdoink = x"$(git cat-file blob HEAD:bar)")
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9137-git-svn-dcommit-clobber-series.sh b/t/t9137-git-svn-dcommit-clobber-series.sh
index d60da63f7..5fa07a369 100755
--- a/t/t9137-git-svn-dcommit-clobber-series.sh
+++ b/t/t9137-git-svn-dcommit-clobber-series.sh
@@ -16,15 +16,15 @@ test_expect_success 'initialize repo' '
 	'
 
 test_expect_success '(supposedly) non-conflicting change from SVN' '
-	test x"`sed -n -e 58p < file`" = x58 &&
-	test x"`sed -n -e 61p < file`" = x61 &&
+	test x"$(sed -n -e 58p < file)" = x58 &&
+	test x"$(sed -n -e 61p < file)" = x61 &&
 	svn_cmd co "$svnrepo" tmp &&
 	(cd tmp &&
 		perl -i.bak -p -e "s/^58$/5588/" file &&
 		perl -i.bak -p -e "s/^61$/6611/" file &&
 		poke file &&
-		test x"`sed -n -e 58p < file`" = x5588 &&
-		test x"`sed -n -e 61p < file`" = x6611 &&
+		test x"$(sed -n -e 58p < file)" = x5588 &&
+		test x"$(sed -n -e 61p < file)" = x6611 &&
 		svn_cmd commit -m "58 => 5588, 61 => 6611"
 	)
 	'
@@ -38,20 +38,20 @@ test_expect_success 'some unrelated changes to git' "
 	"
 
 test_expect_success 'change file but in unrelated area' "
-	test x\"\`sed -n -e 4p < file\`\" = x4 &&
-	test x\"\`sed -n -e 7p < file\`\" = x7 &&
+	test x\"\$(sed -n -e 4p < file)\" = x4 &&
+	test x\"\$(sed -n -e 7p < file)\" = x7 &&
 	perl -i.bak -p -e 's/^4\$/4444/' file &&
 	perl -i.bak -p -e 's/^7\$/7777/' file &&
-	test x\"\`sed -n -e 4p < file\`\" = x4444 &&
-	test x\"\`sed -n -e 7p < file\`\" = x7777 &&
+	test x\"\$(sed -n -e 4p < file)\" = x4444 &&
+	test x\"\$(sed -n -e 7p < file)\" = x7777 &&
 	git commit -m '4 => 4444, 7 => 7777' file &&
 	git svn dcommit &&
 	svn_cmd up tmp &&
 	cd tmp &&
-		test x\"\`sed -n -e 4p < file\`\" = x4444 &&
-		test x\"\`sed -n -e 7p < file\`\" = x7777 &&
-		test x\"\`sed -n -e 58p < file\`\" = x5588 &&
-		test x\"\`sed -n -e 61p < file\`\" = x6611
+		test x\"\$(sed -n -e 4p < file)\" = x4444 &&
+		test x\"\$(sed -n -e 7p < file)\" = x7777 &&
+		test x\"\$(sed -n -e 58p < file)\" = x5588 &&
+		test x\"\$(sed -n -e 61p < file)\" = x6611
 	"
 
 test_expect_success 'attempt to dcommit with a dirty index' '
diff --git a/t/t9138-git-svn-authors-prog.sh b/t/t9138-git-svn-authors-prog.sh
index 2937f4c26..7d7e9d46b 100755
--- a/t/t9138-git-svn-authors-prog.sh
+++ b/t/t9138-git-svn-authors-prog.sh
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ test_expect_success 'import authors with prog and file' '
 test_expect_success 'imported 6 revisions successfully' '
 	(
 		cd x
-		test "`git rev-list refs/remotes/git-svn | wc -l`" -eq 6
+		test "$(git rev-list refs/remotes/git-svn | wc -l)" -eq 6
 	)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t9145-git-svn-master-branch.sh b/t/t9145-git-svn-master-branch.sh
index 655913749..3bbf341f6 100755
--- a/t/t9145-git-svn-master-branch.sh
+++ b/t/t9145-git-svn-master-branch.sh
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ test_expect_success 'git svn clone --stdlayout sets up trunk as master' '
 	git svn clone -s "$svnrepo" g &&
 	(
 		cd g &&
-		test x`git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/origin/trunk^0` = \
-		     x`git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/master^0`
+		test x$(git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/origin/trunk^0) = \
+		     x$(git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/master^0)
 	)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t9150-svk-mergetickets.sh b/t/t9150-svk-mergetickets.sh
index 24c2421bf..1bb676bed 100755
--- a/t/t9150-svk-mergetickets.sh
+++ b/t/t9150-svk-mergetickets.sh
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ test_expect_success 'load svk depot' "
 uuid=b48289b2-9c08-4d72-af37-0358a40b9c15
 
 test_expect_success 'svk merges were represented coming in' "
-	[ `git cat-file commit HEAD | grep parent | wc -l` -eq 2 ]
+	[ $(git cat-file commit HEAD | grep parent | wc -l) -eq 2 ]
 	"
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9300-fast-import.sh b/t/t9300-fast-import.sh
index 14a938402..4c5f3c9d4 100755
--- a/t/t9300-fast-import.sh
+++ b/t/t9300-fast-import.sh
@@ -171,10 +171,10 @@ test_expect_success 'A: verify tag/series-A-blob' '
 
 test_expect_success 'A: verify marks output' '
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-	:2 `git rev-parse --verify master:file2`
-	:3 `git rev-parse --verify master:file3`
-	:4 `git rev-parse --verify master:file4`
-	:5 `git rev-parse --verify master^0`
+	:2 $(git rev-parse --verify master:file2)
+	:3 $(git rev-parse --verify master:file3)
+	:4 $(git rev-parse --verify master:file4)
+	:5 $(git rev-parse --verify master^0)
 	EOF
 	test_cmp expect marks.out
 '
@@ -264,8 +264,8 @@ test_expect_success 'A: verify diff' '
 	EOF
 	git diff-tree -M -r master verify--import-marks >actual &&
 	compare_diff_raw expect actual &&
-	test `git rev-parse --verify master:file2` \
-	    = `git rev-parse --verify verify--import-marks:copy-of-file2`
+	test $(git rev-parse --verify master:file2) \
+	    = $(git rev-parse --verify verify--import-marks:copy-of-file2)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'A: export marks with large values' '
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ test_expect_success 'B: accept branch name "TEMP_TAG"' '
 		git prune" &&
 	git fast-import <input &&
 	test -f .git/TEMP_TAG &&
-	test `git rev-parse master` = `git rev-parse TEMP_TAG^`
+	test $(git rev-parse master) = $(git rev-parse TEMP_TAG^)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'B: accept empty committer' '
@@ -473,8 +473,8 @@ test_expect_success 'B: fail on invalid committer (5)' '
 ###
 
 test_expect_success 'C: incremental import create pack from stdin' '
-	newf=`echo hi newf | git hash-object -w --stdin` &&
-	oldf=`git rev-parse --verify master:file2` &&
+	newf=$(echo hi newf | git hash-object -w --stdin) &&
+	oldf=$(git rev-parse --verify master:file2) &&
 	test_tick &&
 	cat >input <<-INPUT_END &&
 	commit refs/heads/branch
@@ -499,13 +499,13 @@ test_expect_success 'C: verify pack' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'C: validate reuse existing blob' '
-	test $newf = `git rev-parse --verify branch:file2/newf` &&
-	test $oldf = `git rev-parse --verify branch:file2/oldf`
+	test $newf = $(git rev-parse --verify branch:file2/newf) &&
+	test $oldf = $(git rev-parse --verify branch:file2/oldf)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'C: verify commit' '
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-	parent `git rev-parse --verify master^0`
+	parent $(git rev-parse --verify master^0)
 	author $GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL> $GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
 	committer $GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL> $GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
 
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ test_expect_success 'E: verify commit' '
 ###
 
 test_expect_success 'F: non-fast-forward update skips' '
-	old_branch=`git rev-parse --verify branch^0` &&
+	old_branch=$(git rev-parse --verify branch^0) &&
 	test_tick &&
 	cat >input <<-INPUT_END &&
 	commit refs/heads/branch
@@ -642,7 +642,7 @@ test_expect_success 'F: non-fast-forward update skips' '
 
 	test_must_fail git fast-import <input &&
 	# branch must remain unaffected
-	test $old_branch = `git rev-parse --verify branch^0`
+	test $old_branch = $(git rev-parse --verify branch^0)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'F: verify pack' '
@@ -651,8 +651,8 @@ test_expect_success 'F: verify pack' '
 
 test_expect_success 'F: verify other commit' '
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-	tree `git rev-parse branch~1^{tree}`
-	parent `git rev-parse branch~1`
+	tree $(git rev-parse branch~1^{tree})
+	parent $(git rev-parse branch~1)
 	author $GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL> $GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
 	committer $GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL> $GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
 
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ test_expect_success 'F: verify other commit' '
 ###
 
 test_expect_success 'G: non-fast-forward update forced' '
-	old_branch=`git rev-parse --verify branch^0` &&
+	old_branch=$(git rev-parse --verify branch^0) &&
 	test_tick &&
 	cat >input <<-INPUT_END &&
 	commit refs/heads/branch
@@ -687,8 +687,8 @@ test_expect_success 'G: verify pack' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'G: branch changed, but logged' '
-	test $old_branch != `git rev-parse --verify branch^0` &&
-	test $old_branch = `git rev-parse --verify branch@{1}`
+	test $old_branch != $(git rev-parse --verify branch^0) &&
+	test $old_branch = $(git rev-parse --verify branch@{1})
 '
 
 ###
@@ -763,7 +763,7 @@ test_expect_success 'I: export-pack-edges' '
 
 test_expect_success 'I: verify edge list' '
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-	.git/objects/pack/pack-.pack: `git rev-parse --verify export-boundary`
+	.git/objects/pack/pack-.pack: $(git rev-parse --verify export-boundary)
 	EOF
 	sed -e s/pack-.*pack/pack-.pack/ edges.list >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
@@ -795,8 +795,8 @@ test_expect_success 'J: reset existing branch creates empty commit' '
 	git fast-import <input
 '
 test_expect_success 'J: branch has 1 commit, empty tree' '
-	test 1 = `git rev-list J | wc -l` &&
-	test 0 = `git ls-tree J | wc -l`
+	test 1 = $(git rev-list J | wc -l) &&
+	test 0 = $(git ls-tree J | wc -l)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'J: tag must fail on empty branch' '
@@ -838,8 +838,8 @@ test_expect_success 'K: reinit branch with from' '
 	git fast-import <input
 '
 test_expect_success 'K: verify K^1 = branch^1' '
-	test `git rev-parse --verify branch^1` \
-		= `git rev-parse --verify K^1`
+	test $(git rev-parse --verify branch^1) \
+		= $(git rev-parse --verify K^1)
 '
 
 ###
@@ -929,7 +929,7 @@ test_expect_success 'L: nested tree copy does not corrupt deltas' '
 	git ls-tree L2 g/b/ >tmp &&
 	cat tmp | cut -f 2 >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
-	git fsck `git rev-parse L2`
+	git fsck $(git rev-parse L2)
 '
 
 ###
@@ -1106,7 +1106,7 @@ test_expect_success 'N: copy dirty subdirectory' '
 	INPUT_END
 
 	git fast-import <input &&
-	test `git rev-parse N2^{tree}` = `git rev-parse N3^{tree}`
+	test $(git rev-parse N2^{tree}) = $(git rev-parse N3^{tree})
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'N: copy directory by id' '
@@ -1503,7 +1503,7 @@ test_expect_success 'O: comments are all skipped' '
 	INPUT_END
 
 	git fast-import <input &&
-	test `git rev-parse N3` = `git rev-parse O1`
+	test $(git rev-parse N3) = $(git rev-parse O1)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'O: blank lines not necessary after data commands' '
@@ -1524,7 +1524,7 @@ test_expect_success 'O: blank lines not necessary after data commands' '
 	INPUT_END
 
 	git fast-import <input &&
-	test `git rev-parse N3` = `git rev-parse O2`
+	test $(git rev-parse N3) = $(git rev-parse O2)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'O: repack before next test' '
@@ -1570,8 +1570,8 @@ test_expect_success 'O: blank lines not necessary after other commands' '
 	INPUT_END
 
 	git fast-import <input &&
-	test 8 = `find .git/objects/pack -type f | wc -l` &&
-	test `git rev-parse refs/tags/O3-2nd` = `git rev-parse O3^` &&
+	test 8 = $(find .git/objects/pack -type f | wc -l) &&
+	test $(git rev-parse refs/tags/O3-2nd) = $(git rev-parse O3^) &&
 	git log --reverse --pretty=oneline O3 | sed s/^.*z// >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -1631,7 +1631,7 @@ test_expect_success 'P: superproject & submodule mix' '
 	data <<DATAEND
 	[submodule "sub"]
 		path = sub
-		url = "`pwd`/sub"
+		url = "$(pwd)/sub"
 	DATAEND
 
 	commit refs/heads/subuse1
@@ -1691,7 +1691,7 @@ test_expect_success 'P: verbatim SHA gitlinks' '
 	data <<DATAEND
 	[submodule "sub"]
 		path = sub
-		url = "`pwd`/sub"
+		url = "$(pwd)/sub"
 	DATAEND
 
 	commit refs/heads/subuse2
@@ -1978,7 +1978,7 @@ test_expect_success 'Q: verify first note for third commit' '
 
 test_expect_success 'Q: verify second notes commit' '
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-	parent `git rev-parse --verify refs/notes/foobar~2`
+	parent $(git rev-parse --verify refs/notes/foobar~2)
 	author $GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL> $GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
 	committer $GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL> $GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
 
@@ -2045,7 +2045,7 @@ test_expect_success 'Q: verify third note for first commit' '
 
 test_expect_success 'Q: verify fourth notes commit' '
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-	parent `git rev-parse --verify refs/notes/foobar^`
+	parent $(git rev-parse --verify refs/notes/foobar^)
 	author $GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL> $GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
 	committer $GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL> $GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
 
diff --git a/t/t9350-fast-export.sh b/t/t9350-fast-export.sh
index 66c8b0a37..b5149fde6 100755
--- a/t/t9350-fast-export.sh
+++ b/t/t9350-fast-export.sh
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ test_expect_success 'setup submodule' '
 		git add file &&
 		git commit -m sub_initial
 	) &&
-	git submodule add "`pwd`/sub" sub &&
+	git submodule add "$(pwd)/sub" sub &&
 	git commit -m initial &&
 	test_tick &&
 	(
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ test_expect_success 'full-tree re-shows unmodified files'        '
 
 test_expect_success 'set-up a few more tags for tag export tests' '
 	git checkout -f master &&
-	HEAD_TREE=`git show -s --pretty=raw HEAD | grep tree | sed "s/tree //"` &&
+	HEAD_TREE=$(git show -s --pretty=raw HEAD | grep tree | sed "s/tree //") &&
 	git tag    tree_tag        -m "tagging a tree" $HEAD_TREE &&
 	git tag -a tree_tag-obj    -m "tagging a tree" $HEAD_TREE &&
 	git tag    tag-obj_tag     -m "tagging a tag" tree_tag-obj &&
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ test_expect_success 'directory becomes symlink'        '
 test_expect_success 'fast-export quotes pathnames' '
 	git init crazy-paths &&
 	(cd crazy-paths &&
-	 blob=`echo foo | git hash-object -w --stdin` &&
+	 blob=$(echo foo | git hash-object -w --stdin) &&
 	 git update-index --add \
 		--cacheinfo 100644 $blob "$(printf "path with\\nnewline")" \
 		--cacheinfo 100644 $blob "path with \"quote\"" \
diff --git a/t/t9501-gitweb-standalone-http-status.sh b/t/t9501-gitweb-standalone-http-status.sh
index d3a5bac75..2a0ffed87 100755
--- a/t/t9501-gitweb-standalone-http-status.sh
+++ b/t/t9501-gitweb-standalone-http-status.sh
@@ -100,14 +100,14 @@ test_expect_success 'snapshots: bad tree-ish id (tagged object)' '
 	echo object > tag-object &&
 	git add tag-object &&
 	test_tick && git commit -m "Object to be tagged" &&
-	git tag tagged-object `git hash-object tag-object` &&
+	git tag tagged-object $(git hash-object tag-object) &&
 	gitweb_run "p=.git;a=snapshot;h=tagged-object;sf=tgz" &&
 	grep "400 - Object is not a tree-ish" gitweb.output
 '
 test_debug 'cat gitweb.output'
 
 test_expect_success 'snapshots: good object id' '
-	ID=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD` &&
+	ID=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
 	gitweb_run "p=.git;a=snapshot;h=$ID;sf=tgz" &&
 	grep "Status: 200 OK" gitweb.output
 '
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ test_expect_success DATE_PARSER 'modification: snapshot if-modified-since (unmod
 test_debug 'cat gitweb.headers'
 
 test_expect_success DATE_PARSER 'modification: tree snapshot' '
-	ID=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD^{tree}` &&
+	ID=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD^{tree}) &&
 	HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE="Wed, 6 Apr 2005 22:14:13 +0000" &&
 	export HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE &&
 	test_when_finished "unset HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE" &&
diff --git a/t/t9901-git-web--browse.sh b/t/t9901-git-web--browse.sh
index b0a6bad8d..de7152f82 100755
--- a/t/t9901-git-web--browse.sh
+++ b/t/t9901-git-web--browse.sh
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ test_expect_success \
 	echo fake: "$@"
 	EOF
 	chmod +x "fake browser" &&
-	git config browser.w3m.path "`pwd`/fake browser" &&
+	git config browser.w3m.path "$(pwd)/fake browser" &&
 	test_web_browse w3m http://example.com/foo
 '