13 files changed, 331 insertions, 367 deletions

diff --git a/builtin-archive.c b/builtin-archive.c
index 6f29c2f40..14a1b3077 100644
--- a/builtin-archive.c
+++ b/builtin-archive.c
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ static int run_remote_archiver(const char *remote, int argc,
 {
 	char *url, buf[LARGE_PACKET_MAX];
 	int fd[2], i, len, rv;
-	pid_t pid;
+	struct child_process *conn;
 	const char *exec = "git-upload-archive";
 	int exec_at = 0;
 
@@ -46,9 +46,7 @@ static int run_remote_archiver(const char *remote, int argc,
 	}
 
 	url = xstrdup(remote);
-	pid = git_connect(fd, url, exec, 0);
-	if (pid < 0)
-		return pid;
+	conn = git_connect(fd, url, exec, 0);
 
 	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
 		if (i == exec_at)
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ static int run_remote_archiver(const char *remote, int argc,
 	rv = recv_sideband("archive", fd[0], 1, 2);
 	close(fd[0]);
 	close(fd[1]);
-	rv |= finish_connect(pid);
+	rv |= finish_connect(conn);
 
 	return !!rv;
 }
diff --git a/builtin-fetch-pack.c b/builtin-fetch-pack.c
index 8753840a8..862652be9 100644
--- a/builtin-fetch-pack.c
+++ b/builtin-fetch-pack.c
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include "pack.h"
 #include "sideband.h"
 #include "fetch-pack.h"
+#include "run-command.h"
 
 static int transfer_unpack_limit = -1;
 static int fetch_unpack_limit = -1;
@@ -457,53 +458,49 @@ static int everything_local(struct ref **refs, int nr_match, char **match)
 	return retval;
 }
 
-static pid_t setup_sideband(int fd[2], int xd[2])
+static int sideband_demux(int fd, void *data)
 {
-	pid_t side_pid;
+	int *xd = data;
 
+	close(xd[1]);
+	return recv_sideband("fetch-pack", xd[0], fd, 2);
+}
+
+static void setup_sideband(int fd[2], int xd[2], struct async *demux)
+{
 	if (!use_sideband) {
 		fd[0] = xd[0];
 		fd[1] = xd[1];
-		return 0;
+		return;
 	}
 	/* xd[] is talking with upload-pack; subprocess reads from
 	 * xd[0], spits out band#2 to stderr, and feeds us band#1
-	 * through our fd[0].
+	 * through demux->out.
 	 */
-	if (pipe(fd) < 0)
-		die("fetch-pack: unable to set up pipe");
-	side_pid = fork();
-	if (side_pid < 0)
+	demux->proc = sideband_demux;
+	demux->data = xd;
+	if (start_async(demux))
 		die("fetch-pack: unable to fork off sideband demultiplexer");
-	if (!side_pid) {
-		/* subprocess */
-		close(fd[0]);
-		if (xd[0] != xd[1])
-			close(xd[1]);
-		if (recv_sideband("fetch-pack", xd[0], fd[1], 2))
-			exit(1);
-		exit(0);
-	}
 	close(xd[0]);
-	close(fd[1]);
+	fd[0] = demux->out;
 	fd[1] = xd[1];
-	return side_pid;
 }
 
 static int get_pack(int xd[2], char **pack_lockfile)
 {
-	int status;
-	pid_t pid, side_pid;
+	struct async demux;
 	int fd[2];
 	const char *argv[20];
 	char keep_arg[256];
 	char hdr_arg[256];
 	const char **av;
 	int do_keep = args.keep_pack;
-	int keep_pipe[2];
+	struct child_process cmd;
 
-	side_pid = setup_sideband(fd, xd);
+	setup_sideband(fd, xd, &demux);
 
+	memset(&cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
+	cmd.argv = argv;
 	av = argv;
 	*hdr_arg = 0;
 	if (!args.keep_pack && unpack_limit) {
@@ -520,8 +517,8 @@ static int get_pack(int xd[2], char **pack_lockfile)
 	}
 
 	if (do_keep) {
-		if (pack_lockfile && pipe(keep_pipe))
-			die("fetch-pack: pipe setup failure: %s", strerror(errno));
+		if (pack_lockfile)
+			cmd.out = -1;
 		*av++ = "index-pack";
 		*av++ = "--stdin";
 		if (!args.quiet && !args.no_progress)
@@ -545,43 +542,19 @@ static int get_pack(int xd[2], char **pack_lockfile)
 		*av++ = hdr_arg;
 	*av++ = NULL;
 
-	pid = fork();
-	if (pid < 0)
+	cmd.in = fd[0];
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+	if (start_command(&cmd))
 		die("fetch-pack: unable to fork off %s", argv[0]);
-	if (!pid) {
-		dup2(fd[0], 0);
-		if (do_keep && pack_lockfile) {
-			dup2(keep_pipe[1], 1);
-			close(keep_pipe[0]);
-			close(keep_pipe[1]);
-		}
-		close(fd[0]);
-		close(fd[1]);
-		execv_git_cmd(argv);
-		die("%s exec failed", argv[0]);
-	}
-	close(fd[0]);
 	close(fd[1]);
-	if (do_keep && pack_lockfile) {
-		close(keep_pipe[1]);
-		*pack_lockfile = index_pack_lockfile(keep_pipe[0]);
-		close(keep_pipe[0]);
-	}
-	while (waitpid(pid, &status, 0) < 0) {
-		if (errno != EINTR)
-			die("waiting for %s: %s", argv[0], strerror(errno));
-	}
-	if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
-		int code = WEXITSTATUS(status);
-		if (code)
-			die("%s died with error code %d", argv[0], code);
-		return 0;
-	}
-	if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
-		int sig = WTERMSIG(status);
-		die("%s died of signal %d", argv[0], sig);
-	}
-	die("%s died of unnatural causes %d", argv[0], status);
+	if (do_keep && pack_lockfile)
+		*pack_lockfile = index_pack_lockfile(cmd.out);
+
+	if (finish_command(&cmd))
+		die("%s failed", argv[0]);
+	if (use_sideband && finish_async(&demux))
+		die("error in sideband demultiplexer");
+	return 0;
 }
 
 static struct ref *do_fetch_pack(int fd[2],
@@ -763,7 +736,7 @@ struct ref *fetch_pack(struct fetch_pack_args *my_args,
 {
 	int i, ret;
 	int fd[2];
-	pid_t pid;
+	struct child_process *conn;
 	struct ref *ref;
 	struct stat st;
 
@@ -774,16 +747,14 @@ struct ref *fetch_pack(struct fetch_pack_args *my_args,
 			st.st_mtime = 0;
 	}
 
-	pid = git_connect(fd, (char *)dest, args.uploadpack,
+	conn = git_connect(fd, (char *)dest, args.uploadpack,
                           args.verbose ? CONNECT_VERBOSE : 0);
-	if (pid < 0)
-		return NULL;
 	if (heads && nr_heads)
 		nr_heads = remove_duplicates(nr_heads, heads);
 	ref = do_fetch_pack(fd, nr_heads, heads, pack_lockfile);
 	close(fd[0]);
 	close(fd[1]);
-	ret = finish_connect(pid);
+	ret = finish_connect(conn);
 
 	if (!ret && nr_heads) {
 		/* If the heads to pull were given, we should have
diff --git a/cache.h b/cache.h
index 27485d36c..bfffa05df 100644
--- a/cache.h
+++ b/cache.h
@@ -503,8 +503,8 @@ struct ref {
 #define REF_TAGS	(1u << 2)
 
 #define CONNECT_VERBOSE       (1u << 0)
-extern pid_t git_connect(int fd[2], char *url, const char *prog, int flags);
-extern int finish_connect(pid_t pid);
+extern struct child_process *git_connect(int fd[2], char *url, const char *prog, int flags);
+extern int finish_connect(struct child_process *conn);
 extern int path_match(const char *path, int nr, char **match);
 extern int get_ack(int fd, unsigned char *result_sha1);
 extern struct ref **get_remote_heads(int in, struct ref **list, int nr_match, char **match, unsigned int flags);
diff --git a/connect.c b/connect.c
index 3d5c4ab75..44e423daf 100644
--- a/connect.c
+++ b/connect.c
@@ -468,24 +468,26 @@ char *get_port(char *host)
 }
 
 /*
- * This returns 0 if the transport protocol does not need fork(2),
- * or a process id if it does.  Once done, finish the connection
+ * This returns NULL if the transport protocol does not need fork(2), or a
+ * struct child_process object if it does.  Once done, finish the connection
  * with finish_connect() with the value returned from this function
- * (it is safe to call finish_connect() with 0 to support the former
+ * (it is safe to call finish_connect() with NULL to support the former
  * case).
  *
- * Does not return a negative value on error; it just dies.
+ * If it returns, the connect is successful; it just dies on errors.
  */
-pid_t git_connect(int fd[2], char *url, const char *prog, int flags)
+struct child_process *git_connect(int fd[2], char *url,
+				  const char *prog, int flags)
 {
 	char *host, *path = url;
 	char *end;
 	int c;
-	int pipefd[2][2];
-	pid_t pid;
+	struct child_process *conn;
 	enum protocol protocol = PROTO_LOCAL;
 	int free_path = 0;
 	char *port = NULL;
+	const char **arg;
+	struct strbuf cmd;
 
 	/* Without this we cannot rely on waitpid() to tell
 	 * what happened to our children.
@@ -568,74 +570,68 @@ pid_t git_connect(int fd[2], char *url, const char *prog, int flags)
 		free(target_host);
 		if (free_path)
 			free(path);
-		return 0;
+		return NULL;
 	}
 
-	if (pipe(pipefd[0]) < 0 || pipe(pipefd[1]) < 0)
-		die("unable to create pipe pair for communication");
-	pid = fork();
-	if (pid < 0)
-		die("unable to fork");
-	if (!pid) {
-		struct strbuf cmd;
-
-		strbuf_init(&cmd, MAX_CMD_LEN);
-		strbuf_addstr(&cmd, prog);
-		strbuf_addch(&cmd, ' ');
-		sq_quote_buf(&cmd, path);
-		if (cmd.len >= MAX_CMD_LEN)
-			die("command line too long");
-
-		dup2(pipefd[1][0], 0);
-		dup2(pipefd[0][1], 1);
-		close(pipefd[0][0]);
-		close(pipefd[0][1]);
-		close(pipefd[1][0]);
-		close(pipefd[1][1]);
-		if (protocol == PROTO_SSH) {
-			const char *ssh, *ssh_basename;
-			ssh = getenv("GIT_SSH");
-			if (!ssh) ssh = "ssh";
-			ssh_basename = strrchr(ssh, '/');
-			if (!ssh_basename)
-				ssh_basename = ssh;
-			else
-				ssh_basename++;
-
-			if (!port)
-				execlp(ssh, ssh_basename, host, cmd.buf, NULL);
-			else
-				execlp(ssh, ssh_basename, "-p", port, host,
-				       cmd.buf, NULL);
-		}
-		else {
-			unsetenv(ALTERNATE_DB_ENVIRONMENT);
-			unsetenv(DB_ENVIRONMENT);
-			unsetenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT);
-			unsetenv(GIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT);
-			unsetenv(GRAFT_ENVIRONMENT);
-			unsetenv(INDEX_ENVIRONMENT);
-			execlp("sh", "sh", "-c", cmd.buf, NULL);
+	conn = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*conn));
+
+	strbuf_init(&cmd, MAX_CMD_LEN);
+	strbuf_addstr(&cmd, prog);
+	strbuf_addch(&cmd, ' ');
+	sq_quote_buf(&cmd, path);
+	if (cmd.len >= MAX_CMD_LEN)
+		die("command line too long");
+
+	conn->in = conn->out = -1;
+	conn->argv = arg = xcalloc(6, sizeof(*arg));
+	if (protocol == PROTO_SSH) {
+		const char *ssh = getenv("GIT_SSH");
+		if (!ssh) ssh = "ssh";
+
+		*arg++ = ssh;
+		if (port) {
+			*arg++ = "-p";
+			*arg++ = port;
 		}
-		die("exec failed");
+		*arg++ = host;
 	}
-	fd[0] = pipefd[0][0];
-	fd[1] = pipefd[1][1];
-	close(pipefd[0][1]);
-	close(pipefd[1][0]);
+	else {
+		/* remove these from the environment */
+		const char *env[] = {
+			ALTERNATE_DB_ENVIRONMENT,
+			DB_ENVIRONMENT,
+			GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT,
+			GIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT,
+			GRAFT_ENVIRONMENT,
+			INDEX_ENVIRONMENT,
+			NULL
+		};
+		conn->env = env;
+		*arg++ = "sh";
+		*arg++ = "-c";
+	}
+	*arg++ = cmd.buf;
+	*arg = NULL;
+
+	if (start_command(conn))
+		die("unable to fork");
+
+	fd[0] = conn->out; /* read from child's stdout */
+	fd[1] = conn->in;  /* write to child's stdin */
+	strbuf_release(&cmd);
 	if (free_path)
 		free(path);
-	return pid;
+	return conn;
 }
 
-int finish_connect(pid_t pid)
+int finish_connect(struct child_process *conn)
 {
-	if (pid == 0)
+	int code;
+	if (!conn)
 		return 0;
 
-	while (waitpid(pid, NULL, 0) < 0) {
-		if (errno != EINTR)
-			return -1;
-	}
-	return 0;
+	code = finish_command(conn);
+	free(conn->argv);
+	free(conn);
+	return code;
 }
diff --git a/convert.c b/convert.c
index aa95834eb..4df75595b 100644
--- a/convert.c
+++ b/convert.c
@@ -192,48 +192,39 @@ static int crlf_to_worktree(const char *path, const char *src, size_t len,
 	return 1;
 }
 
-static int filter_buffer(const char *path, const char *src,
-			 unsigned long size, const char *cmd)
+struct filter_params {
+	const char *src;
+	unsigned long size;
+	const char *cmd;
+};
+
+static int filter_buffer(int fd, void *data)
 {
 	/*
 	 * Spawn cmd and feed the buffer contents through its stdin.
 	 */
 	struct child_process child_process;
-	int pipe_feed[2];
+	struct filter_params *params = (struct filter_params *)data;
 	int write_err, status;
+	const char *argv[] = { "sh", "-c", params->cmd, NULL };
 
 	memset(&child_process, 0, sizeof(child_process));
+	child_process.argv = argv;
+	child_process.in = -1;
+	child_process.out = fd;
 
-	if (pipe(pipe_feed) < 0) {
-		error("cannot create pipe to run external filter %s", cmd);
-		return 1;
-	}
-
-	child_process.pid = fork();
-	if (child_process.pid < 0) {
-		error("cannot fork to run external filter %s", cmd);
-		close(pipe_feed[0]);
-		close(pipe_feed[1]);
-		return 1;
-	}
-	if (!child_process.pid) {
-		dup2(pipe_feed[0], 0);
-		close(pipe_feed[0]);
-		close(pipe_feed[1]);
-		execlp("sh", "sh", "-c", cmd, NULL);
-		return 1;
-	}
-	close(pipe_feed[0]);
+	if (start_command(&child_process))
+		return error("cannot fork to run external filter %s", params->cmd);
 
-	write_err = (write_in_full(pipe_feed[1], src, size) < 0);
-	if (close(pipe_feed[1]))
+	write_err = (write_in_full(child_process.in, params->src, params->size) < 0);
+	if (close(child_process.in))
 		write_err = 1;
 	if (write_err)
-		error("cannot feed the input to external filter %s", cmd);
+		error("cannot feed the input to external filter %s", params->cmd);
 
 	status = finish_command(&child_process);
 	if (status)
-		error("external filter %s failed %d", cmd, -status);
+		error("external filter %s failed %d", params->cmd, -status);
 	return (write_err || status);
 }
 
@@ -246,49 +237,36 @@ static int apply_filter(const char *path, const char *src, size_t len,
 	 *
 	 * (child --> cmd) --> us
 	 */
-	int pipe_feed[2];
-	int status, ret = 1;
-	struct child_process child_process;
+	int ret = 1;
 	struct strbuf nbuf;
+	struct async async;
+	struct filter_params params;
 
 	if (!cmd)
 		return 0;
 
-	memset(&child_process, 0, sizeof(child_process));
-
-	if (pipe(pipe_feed) < 0) {
-		error("cannot create pipe to run external filter %s", cmd);
-		return 0;
-	}
+	memset(&async, 0, sizeof(async));
+	async.proc = filter_buffer;
+	async.data = &params;
+	params.src = src;
+	params.size = len;
+	params.cmd = cmd;
 
 	fflush(NULL);
-	child_process.pid = fork();
-	if (child_process.pid < 0) {
-		error("cannot fork to run external filter %s", cmd);
-		close(pipe_feed[0]);
-		close(pipe_feed[1]);
-		return 0;
-	}
-	if (!child_process.pid) {
-		dup2(pipe_feed[1], 1);
-		close(pipe_feed[0]);
-		close(pipe_feed[1]);
-		exit(filter_buffer(path, src, len, cmd));
-	}
-	close(pipe_feed[1]);
+	if (start_async(&async))
+		return 0;	/* error was already reported */
 
 	strbuf_init(&nbuf, 0);
-	if (strbuf_read(&nbuf, pipe_feed[0], len) < 0) {
+	if (strbuf_read(&nbuf, async.out, len) < 0) {
 		error("read from external filter %s failed", cmd);
 		ret = 0;
 	}
-	if (close(pipe_feed[0])) {
+	if (close(async.out)) {
 		error("read from external filter %s failed", cmd);
 		ret = 0;
 	}
-	status = finish_command(&child_process);
-	if (status) {
-		error("external filter %s failed %d", cmd, -status);
+	if (finish_async(&async)) {
+		error("external filter %s failed", cmd);
 		ret = 0;
 	}
 
diff --git a/diff.c b/diff.c
index af85b94d1..a6aaaf7e5 100644
--- a/diff.c
+++ b/diff.c
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "xdiff-interface.h"
 #include "color.h"
 #include "attr.h"
+#include "run-command.h"
 
 #ifdef NO_FAST_WORKING_DIRECTORY
 #define FAST_WORKING_DIRECTORY 0
@@ -1761,40 +1762,6 @@ static void remove_tempfile_on_signal(int signo)
 	raise(signo);
 }
 
-static int spawn_prog(const char *pgm, const char **arg)
-{
-	pid_t pid;
-	int status;
-
-	fflush(NULL);
-	pid = fork();
-	if (pid < 0)
-		die("unable to fork");
-	if (!pid) {
-		execvp(pgm, (char *const*) arg);
-		exit(255);
-	}
-
-	while (waitpid(pid, &status, 0) < 0) {
-		if (errno == EINTR)
-			continue;
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	/* Earlier we did not check the exit status because
-	 * diff exits non-zero if files are different, and
-	 * we are not interested in knowing that.  It was a
-	 * mistake which made it harder to quit a diff-*
-	 * session that uses the git-apply-patch-script as
-	 * the GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF.  A custom GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF
-	 * should also exit non-zero only when it wants to
-	 * abort the entire diff-* session.
-	 */
-	if (WIFEXITED(status) && !WEXITSTATUS(status))
-		return 0;
-	return -1;
-}
-
 /* An external diff command takes:
  *
  * diff-cmd name infile1 infile1-sha1 infile1-mode \
@@ -1847,7 +1814,8 @@ static void run_external_diff(const char *pgm,
 		*arg++ = name;
 	}
 	*arg = NULL;
-	retval = spawn_prog(pgm, spawn_arg);
+	fflush(NULL);
+	retval = run_command_v_opt(spawn_arg, 0);
 	remove_tempfile();
 	if (retval) {
 		fprintf(stderr, "external diff died, stopping at %s.\n", name);
diff --git a/peek-remote.c b/peek-remote.c
index ceb787170..8d20f7c9c 100644
--- a/peek-remote.c
+++ b/peek-remote.c
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	int i, ret;
 	char *dest = NULL;
 	int fd[2];
-	pid_t pid;
+	struct child_process *conn;
 	int nongit = 0;
 	unsigned flags = 0;
 
@@ -64,12 +64,10 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	if (!dest || i != argc - 1)
 		usage(peek_remote_usage);
 
-	pid = git_connect(fd, dest, uploadpack, 0);
-	if (pid < 0)
-		return 1;
+	conn = git_connect(fd, dest, uploadpack, 0);
 	ret = peek_remote(fd, flags);
 	close(fd[0]);
 	close(fd[1]);
-	ret |= finish_connect(pid);
+	ret |= finish_connect(conn);
 	return !!ret;
 }
diff --git a/run-command.c b/run-command.c
index 7e779d33e..d99a6c4ea 100644
--- a/run-command.c
+++ b/run-command.c
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ static inline void dup_devnull(int to)
 
 int start_command(struct child_process *cmd)
 {
-	int need_in, need_out;
-	int fdin[2], fdout[2];
+	int need_in, need_out, need_err;
+	int fdin[2], fdout[2], fderr[2];
 
 	need_in = !cmd->no_stdin && cmd->in < 0;
 	if (need_in) {
@@ -41,12 +41,26 @@ int start_command(struct child_process *cmd)
 		cmd->close_out = 1;
 	}
 
+	need_err = cmd->err < 0;
+	if (need_err) {
+		if (pipe(fderr) < 0) {
+			if (need_in)
+				close_pair(fdin);
+			if (need_out)
+				close_pair(fdout);
+			return -ERR_RUN_COMMAND_PIPE;
+		}
+		cmd->err = fderr[0];
+	}
+
 	cmd->pid = fork();
 	if (cmd->pid < 0) {
 		if (need_in)
 			close_pair(fdin);
 		if (need_out)
 			close_pair(fdout);
+		if (need_err)
+			close_pair(fderr);
 		return -ERR_RUN_COMMAND_FORK;
 	}
 
@@ -73,6 +87,11 @@ int start_command(struct child_process *cmd)
 			close(cmd->out);
 		}
 
+		if (need_err) {
+			dup2(fderr[1], 2);
+			close_pair(fderr);
+		}
+
 		if (cmd->dir && chdir(cmd->dir))
 			die("exec %s: cd to %s failed (%s)", cmd->argv[0],
 			    cmd->dir, strerror(errno));
@@ -102,19 +121,17 @@ int start_command(struct child_process *cmd)
 	else if (cmd->out > 1)
 		close(cmd->out);
 
+	if (need_err)
+		close(fderr[1]);
+
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int finish_command(struct child_process *cmd)
+static int wait_or_whine(pid_t pid)
 {
-	if (cmd->close_in)
-		close(cmd->in);
-	if (cmd->close_out)
-		close(cmd->out);
-
 	for (;;) {
 		int status, code;
-		pid_t waiting = waitpid(cmd->pid, &status, 0);
+		pid_t waiting = waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
 
 		if (waiting < 0) {
 			if (errno == EINTR)
@@ -122,7 +139,7 @@ int finish_command(struct child_process *cmd)
 			error("waitpid failed (%s)", strerror(errno));
 			return -ERR_RUN_COMMAND_WAITPID;
 		}
-		if (waiting != cmd->pid)
+		if (waiting != pid)
 			return -ERR_RUN_COMMAND_WAITPID_WRONG_PID;
 		if (WIFSIGNALED(status))
 			return -ERR_RUN_COMMAND_WAITPID_SIGNAL;
@@ -136,6 +153,15 @@ int finish_command(struct child_process *cmd)
 	}
 }
 
+int finish_command(struct child_process *cmd)
+{
+	if (cmd->close_in)
+		close(cmd->in);
+	if (cmd->close_out)
+		close(cmd->out);
+	return wait_or_whine(cmd->pid);
+}
+
 int run_command(struct child_process *cmd)
 {
 	int code = start_command(cmd);
@@ -178,3 +204,34 @@ int run_command_v_opt_cd_env(const char **argv, int opt, const char *dir, const
 	cmd.env = env;
 	return run_command(&cmd);
 }
+
+int start_async(struct async *async)
+{
+	int pipe_out[2];
+
+	if (pipe(pipe_out) < 0)
+		return error("cannot create pipe: %s", strerror(errno));
+
+	async->pid = fork();
+	if (async->pid < 0) {
+		error("fork (async) failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+		close_pair(pipe_out);
+		return -1;
+	}
+	if (!async->pid) {
+		close(pipe_out[0]);
+		exit(!!async->proc(pipe_out[1], async->data));
+	}
+	async->out = pipe_out[0];
+	close(pipe_out[1]);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int finish_async(struct async *async)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	if (wait_or_whine(async->pid))
+		ret = error("waitpid (async) failed");
+	return ret;
+}
diff --git a/run-command.h b/run-command.h
index 7958eb1e0..94e1e9d51 100644
--- a/run-command.h
+++ b/run-command.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ struct child_process {
 	pid_t pid;
 	int in;
 	int out;
+	int err;
 	const char *dir;
 	const char *const *env;
 	unsigned close_in:1;
@@ -42,4 +43,26 @@ int run_command_v_opt_cd(const char **argv, int opt, const char *dir);
  */
 int run_command_v_opt_cd_env(const char **argv, int opt, const char *dir, const char *const *env);
 
+/*
+ * The purpose of the following functions is to feed a pipe by running
+ * a function asynchronously and providing output that the caller reads.
+ *
+ * It is expected that no synchronization and mutual exclusion between
+ * the caller and the feed function is necessary so that the function
+ * can run in a thread without interfering with the caller.
+ */
+struct async {
+	/*
+	 * proc writes to fd and closes it;
+	 * returns 0 on success, non-zero on failure
+	 */
+	int (*proc)(int fd, void *data);
+	void *data;
+	int out;	/* caller reads from here and closes it */
+	pid_t pid;
+};
+
+int start_async(struct async *async);
+int finish_async(struct async *async);
+
 #endif
diff --git a/send-pack.c b/send-pack.c
index 25053d2c2..5e127a1b7 100644
--- a/send-pack.c
+++ b/send-pack.c
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	char *dest = NULL;
 	char **heads = NULL;
 	int fd[2], ret;
-	pid_t pid;
+	struct child_process *conn;
 	char *remote_name = NULL;
 	struct remote *remote = NULL;
 
@@ -452,12 +452,10 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 		}
 	}
 
-	pid = git_connect(fd, dest, receivepack, verbose ? CONNECT_VERBOSE : 0);
-	if (pid < 0)
-		return 1;
+	conn = git_connect(fd, dest, receivepack, verbose ? CONNECT_VERBOSE : 0);
 	ret = send_pack(fd[0], fd[1], remote, nr_heads, heads);
 	close(fd[0]);
 	close(fd[1]);
-	ret |= finish_connect(pid);
+	ret |= finish_connect(conn);
 	return !!ret;
 }
diff --git a/t/t0021-conversion.sh b/t/t0021-conversion.sh
index a839f4e07..cb860296e 100755
--- a/t/t0021-conversion.sh
+++ b/t/t0021-conversion.sh
@@ -42,7 +42,12 @@ test_expect_success check '
 	git diff --raw --exit-code :test :test.i &&
 	id=$(git rev-parse --verify :test) &&
 	embedded=$(sed -ne "$script" test.i) &&
-	test "z$id" = "z$embedded"
+	test "z$id" = "z$embedded" &&
+
+	git cat-file blob :test.t > test.r &&
+
+	./rot13.sh < test.o > test.t &&
+	cmp test.r test.t
 '
 
 # If an expanded ident ever gets into the repository, we want to make sure that
diff --git a/transport.c b/transport.c
index 400af71c7..5132d289d 100644
--- a/transport.c
+++ b/transport.c
@@ -601,18 +601,13 @@ static struct ref *get_refs_via_connect(const struct transport *transport)
 	struct git_transport_data *data = transport->data;
 	struct ref *refs;
 	int fd[2];
-	pid_t pid;
 	char *dest = xstrdup(transport->url);
-
-	pid = git_connect(fd, dest, data->uploadpack, 0);
-
-	if (pid < 0)
-		die("Failed to connect to \"%s\"", transport->url);
+	struct child_process *conn = git_connect(fd, dest, data->uploadpack, 0);
 
 	get_remote_heads(fd[0], &refs, 0, NULL, 0);
 	packet_flush(fd[1]);
 
-	finish_connect(pid);
+	finish_connect(conn);
 
 	free(dest);
 
diff --git a/upload-pack.c b/upload-pack.c
index fe96ef15c..67994680f 100644
--- a/upload-pack.c
+++ b/upload-pack.c
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "diff.h"
 #include "revision.h"
 #include "list-objects.h"
+#include "run-command.h"
 
 static const char upload_pack_usage[] = "git-upload-pack [--strict] [--timeout=nn] <dir>";
 
@@ -96,110 +97,86 @@ static void show_edge(struct commit *commit)
 	fprintf(pack_pipe, "-%s\n", sha1_to_hex(commit->object.sha1));
 }
 
+static int do_rev_list(int fd, void *create_full_pack)
+{
+	int i;
+	struct rev_info revs;
+
+	pack_pipe = fdopen(fd, "w");
+	if (create_full_pack)
+		use_thin_pack = 0; /* no point doing it */
+	init_revisions(&revs, NULL);
+	revs.tag_objects = 1;
+	revs.tree_objects = 1;
+	revs.blob_objects = 1;
+	if (use_thin_pack)
+		revs.edge_hint = 1;
+
+	if (create_full_pack) {
+		const char *args[] = {"rev-list", "--all", NULL};
+		setup_revisions(2, args, &revs, NULL);
+	} else {
+		for (i = 0; i < want_obj.nr; i++) {
+			struct object *o = want_obj.objects[i].item;
+			/* why??? */
+			o->flags &= ~UNINTERESTING;
+			add_pending_object(&revs, o, NULL);
+		}
+		for (i = 0; i < have_obj.nr; i++) {
+			struct object *o = have_obj.objects[i].item;
+			o->flags |= UNINTERESTING;
+			add_pending_object(&revs, o, NULL);
+		}
+		setup_revisions(0, NULL, &revs, NULL);
+	}
+	prepare_revision_walk(&revs);
+	mark_edges_uninteresting(revs.commits, &revs, show_edge);
+	traverse_commit_list(&revs, show_commit, show_object);
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static void create_pack_file(void)
 {
-	/* Pipes between rev-list to pack-objects, pack-objects to us
-	 * and pack-objects error stream for progress bar.
-	 */
-	int lp_pipe[2], pu_pipe[2], pe_pipe[2];
-	pid_t pid_rev_list, pid_pack_objects;
+	struct async rev_list;
+	struct child_process pack_objects;
 	int create_full_pack = (nr_our_refs == want_obj.nr && !have_obj.nr);
 	char data[8193], progress[128];
 	char abort_msg[] = "aborting due to possible repository "
 		"corruption on the remote side.";
 	int buffered = -1;
+	const char *argv[10];
+	int arg = 0;
 
-	if (pipe(lp_pipe) < 0)
-		die("git-upload-pack: unable to create pipe");
-	pid_rev_list = fork();
-	if (pid_rev_list < 0)
+	rev_list.proc = do_rev_list;
+	/* .data is just a boolean: any non-NULL value will do */
+	rev_list.data = create_full_pack ? &rev_list : NULL;
+	if (start_async(&rev_list))
 		die("git-upload-pack: unable to fork git-rev-list");
 
-	if (!pid_rev_list) {
-		int i;
-		struct rev_info revs;
-
-		close(lp_pipe[0]);
-		pack_pipe = fdopen(lp_pipe[1], "w");
-
-		if (create_full_pack)
-			use_thin_pack = 0; /* no point doing it */
-		init_revisions(&revs, NULL);
-		revs.tag_objects = 1;
-		revs.tree_objects = 1;
-		revs.blob_objects = 1;
-		if (use_thin_pack)
-			revs.edge_hint = 1;
-
-		if (create_full_pack) {
-			const char *args[] = {"rev-list", "--all", NULL};
-			setup_revisions(2, args, &revs, NULL);
-		} else {
-			for (i = 0; i < want_obj.nr; i++) {
-				struct object *o = want_obj.objects[i].item;
-				/* why??? */
-				o->flags &= ~UNINTERESTING;
-				add_pending_object(&revs, o, NULL);
-			}
-			for (i = 0; i < have_obj.nr; i++) {
-				struct object *o = have_obj.objects[i].item;
-				o->flags |= UNINTERESTING;
-				add_pending_object(&revs, o, NULL);
-			}
-			setup_revisions(0, NULL, &revs, NULL);
-		}
-		prepare_revision_walk(&revs);
-		mark_edges_uninteresting(revs.commits, &revs, show_edge);
-		traverse_commit_list(&revs, show_commit, show_object);
-		exit(0);
-	}
-
-	if (pipe(pu_pipe) < 0)
-		die("git-upload-pack: unable to create pipe");
-	if (pipe(pe_pipe) < 0)
-		die("git-upload-pack: unable to create pipe");
-	pid_pack_objects = fork();
-	if (pid_pack_objects < 0) {
+	argv[arg++] = "pack-objects";
+	argv[arg++] = "--stdout";
+	if (!no_progress)
+		argv[arg++] = "--progress";
+	if (use_ofs_delta)
+		argv[arg++] = "--delta-base-offset";
+	argv[arg++] = NULL;
+
+	memset(&pack_objects, 0, sizeof(pack_objects));
+	pack_objects.in = rev_list.out;	/* start_command closes it */
+	pack_objects.out = -1;
+	pack_objects.err = -1;
+	pack_objects.git_cmd = 1;
+	pack_objects.argv = argv;
+
+	if (start_command(&pack_objects)) {
 		/* daemon sets things up to ignore TERM */
-		kill(pid_rev_list, SIGKILL);
+		kill(rev_list.pid, SIGKILL);
 		die("git-upload-pack: unable to fork git-pack-objects");
 	}
-	if (!pid_pack_objects) {
-		const char *argv[10];
-		int i = 0;
-
-		dup2(lp_pipe[0], 0);
-		dup2(pu_pipe[1], 1);
-		dup2(pe_pipe[1], 2);
-
-		close(lp_pipe[0]);
-		close(lp_pipe[1]);
-		close(pu_pipe[0]);
-		close(pu_pipe[1]);
-		close(pe_pipe[0]);
-		close(pe_pipe[1]);
-
-		argv[i++] = "pack-objects";
-		argv[i++] = "--stdout";
-		if (!no_progress)
-			argv[i++] = "--progress";
-		if (use_ofs_delta)
-			argv[i++] = "--delta-base-offset";
-		argv[i++] = NULL;
-
-		execv_git_cmd(argv);
-		kill(pid_rev_list, SIGKILL);
-		die("git-upload-pack: unable to exec git-pack-objects");
-	}
-
-	close(lp_pipe[0]);
-	close(lp_pipe[1]);
 
-	/* We read from pe_pipe[0] to capture stderr output for
-	 * progress bar, and pu_pipe[0] to capture the pack data.
+	/* We read from pack_objects.err to capture stderr output for
+	 * progress bar, and pack_objects.out to capture the pack data.
 	 */
-	close(pe_pipe[1]);
-	close(pu_pipe[1]);
 
 	while (1) {
 		const char *who;
@@ -214,14 +191,14 @@ static void create_pack_file(void)
 		pollsize = 0;
 		pe = pu = -1;
 
-		if (0 <= pu_pipe[0]) {
-			pfd[pollsize].fd = pu_pipe[0];
+		if (0 <= pack_objects.out) {
+			pfd[pollsize].fd = pack_objects.out;
 			pfd[pollsize].events = POLLIN;
 			pu = pollsize;
 			pollsize++;
 		}
-		if (0 <= pe_pipe[0]) {
-			pfd[pollsize].fd = pe_pipe[0];
+		if (0 <= pack_objects.err) {
+			pfd[pollsize].fd = pack_objects.err;
 			pfd[pollsize].events = POLLIN;
 			pe = pollsize;
 			pollsize++;
@@ -254,13 +231,13 @@ static void create_pack_file(void)
 					*cp++ = buffered;
 					outsz++;
 				}
-				sz = xread(pu_pipe[0], cp,
+				sz = xread(pack_objects.out, cp,
 					  sizeof(data) - outsz);
 				if (0 < sz)
 						;
 				else if (sz == 0) {
-					close(pu_pipe[0]);
-					pu_pipe[0] = -1;
+					close(pack_objects.out);
+					pack_objects.out = -1;
 				}
 				else
 					goto fail;
@@ -279,13 +256,13 @@ static void create_pack_file(void)
 				/* Status ready; we ship that in the side-band
 				 * or dump to the standard error.
 				 */
-				sz = xread(pe_pipe[0], progress,
+				sz = xread(pack_objects.err, progress,
 					  sizeof(progress));
 				if (0 < sz)
 					send_client_data(2, progress, sz);
 				else if (sz == 0) {
-					close(pe_pipe[0]);
-					pe_pipe[0] = -1;
+					close(pack_objects.err);
+					pack_objects.err = -1;
 				}
 				else
 					goto fail;
@@ -293,12 +270,12 @@ static void create_pack_file(void)
 		}
 
 		/* See if the children are still there */
-		if (pid_rev_list || pid_pack_objects) {
+		if (rev_list.pid || pack_objects.pid) {
 			pid = waitpid(-1, &status, WNOHANG);
 			if (!pid)
 				continue;
-			who = ((pid == pid_rev_list) ? "git-rev-list" :
-			       (pid == pid_pack_objects) ? "git-pack-objects" :
+			who = ((pid == rev_list.pid) ? "git-rev-list" :
+			       (pid == pack_objects.pid) ? "git-pack-objects" :
 			       NULL);
 			if (!who) {
 				if (pid < 0) {
@@ -315,11 +292,11 @@ static void create_pack_file(void)
 				      who);
 				goto fail;
 			}
-			if (pid == pid_rev_list)
-				pid_rev_list = 0;
-			if (pid == pid_pack_objects)
-				pid_pack_objects = 0;
-			if (pid_rev_list || pid_pack_objects)
+			if (pid == rev_list.pid)
+				rev_list.pid = 0;
+			if (pid == pack_objects.pid)
+				pack_objects.pid = 0;
+			if (rev_list.pid || pack_objects.pid)
 				continue;
 		}
 
@@ -340,10 +317,10 @@ static void create_pack_file(void)
 		return;
 	}
  fail:
-	if (pid_pack_objects)
-		kill(pid_pack_objects, SIGKILL);
-	if (pid_rev_list)
-		kill(pid_rev_list, SIGKILL);
+	if (pack_objects.pid)
+		kill(pack_objects.pid, SIGKILL);
+	if (rev_list.pid)
+		kill(rev_list.pid, SIGKILL);
 	send_client_data(3, abort_msg, sizeof(abort_msg));
 	die("git-upload-pack: %s", abort_msg);
 }