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git-merge(1)
============
NAME
----
git-merge - Join two or more development histories together
SYNOPSIS
--------
[verse]
'git merge' [-n] [--stat] [--no-commit] [--squash] [-s <strategy>]...
[-m <msg>] <remote>...
'git merge' <msg> HEAD <remote>...
DESCRIPTION
-----------
This is the top-level interface to the merge machinery
which drives multiple merge strategy scripts.
The second syntax (<msg> `HEAD` <remote>) is supported for
historical reasons. Do not use it from the command line or in
new scripts. It is the same as `git merge -m <msg> <remote>`.
OPTIONS
-------
include::merge-options.txt[]
-m <msg>::
Set the commit message to be used for the merge commit (in
case one is created). The 'git fmt-merge-msg' command can be
used to give a good default for automated 'git merge'
invocations.
<remote>...::
Other branch heads to merge into our branch. You need at
least one <remote>. Specifying more than one <remote>
obviously means you are trying an Octopus.
include::merge-strategies.txt[]
If you tried a merge which resulted in complex conflicts and
want to start over, you can recover with 'git-reset'.
CONFIGURATION
-------------
include::merge-config.txt[]
branch.<name>.mergeoptions::
Sets default options for merging into branch <name>. The syntax and
supported options are the same as those of 'git merge', but option
values containing whitespace characters are currently not supported.
HOW MERGE WORKS
---------------
A merge is always between the current `HEAD` and one or more
commits (usually, branch head or tag), and the index file must
match the tree of `HEAD` commit (i.e. the contents of the last commit)
when it starts out. In other words, `git diff --cached HEAD` must
report no changes. (One exception is when the changed index
entries are already in the same state that would result from
the merge anyway.)
Three kinds of merge can happen:
* The merged commit is already contained in `HEAD`. This is the
simplest case, called "Already up-to-date."
* `HEAD` is already contained in the merged commit. This is the
most common case especially when invoked from 'git pull':
you are tracking an upstream repository, have committed no local
changes and now you want to update to a newer upstream revision.
Your `HEAD` (and the index) is updated to point at the merged
commit, without creating an extra merge commit. This is
called "Fast-forward".
* Both the merged commit and `HEAD` are independent and must be
tied together by a merge commit that has both of them as its parents.
The rest of this section describes this "True merge" case.
The chosen merge strategy merges the two commits into a single
new source tree.
When things merge cleanly, this is what happens:
1. The results are updated both in the index file and in your
working tree;
2. Index file is written out as a tree;
3. The tree gets committed; and
4. The `HEAD` pointer gets advanced.
Because of 2., we require that the original state of the index
file matches exactly the current `HEAD` commit; otherwise we
will write out your local changes already registered in your
index file along with the merge result, which is not good.
Because 1. involves only those paths differing between your
branch and the remote branch you are pulling from during the
merge (which is typically a fraction of the whole tree), you can
have local modifications in your working tree as long as they do
not overlap with what the merge updates.
When there are conflicts, the following happens:
1. `HEAD` stays the same.
2. Cleanly merged paths are updated both in the index file and
in your working tree.
3. For conflicting paths, the index file records up to three
versions; stage1 stores the version from the common ancestor,
stage2 from `HEAD`, and stage3 from the remote branch (you
can inspect the stages with `git ls-files -u`). The working
tree files contain the result of the "merge" program; i.e. 3-way
merge results with familiar conflict markers `<<< === >>>`.
4. No other changes are done. In particular, the local
modifications you had before you started merge will stay the
same and the index entries for them stay as they were,
i.e. matching `HEAD`.
HOW CONFLICTS ARE PRESENTED
---------------------------
During a merge, the working tree files are updated to reflect the result
of the merge. Among the changes made to the common ancestor's version,
non-overlapping ones (that is, you changed an area of the file while the
other side left that area intact, or vice versa) are incorporated in the
final result verbatim. When both sides made changes to the same area,
however, git cannot randomly pick one side over the other, and asks you to
resolve it by leaving what both sides did to that area.
By default, git uses the same style as that is used by "merge" program
from the RCS suite to present such a conflicted hunk, like this:
------------
Here are lines that are either unchanged from the common
ancestor, or cleanly resolved because only one side changed.
<<<<<<< yours:sample.txt
Conflict resolution is hard;
let's go shopping.
=======
Git makes conflict resolution easy.
>>>>>>> theirs:sample.txt
And here is another line that is cleanly resolved or unmodified.
------------
The area where a pair of conflicting changes happened is marked with markers
`<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>`. The part before the `=======`
is typically your side, and the part afterwards is typically their side.
The default format does not show what the original said in the conflicting
area. You cannot tell how many lines are deleted and replaced with
Barbie's remark on your side. The only thing you can tell is that your
side wants to say it is hard and you'd prefer to go shopping, while the
other side wants to claim it is easy.
An alternative style can be used by setting the "merge.conflictstyle"
configuration variable to "diff3". In "diff3" style, the above conflict
may look like this:
------------
Here are lines that are either unchanged from the common
ancestor, or cleanly resolved because only one side changed.
<<<<<<< yours:sample.txt
Conflict resolution is hard;
let's go shopping.
|||||||
Conflict resolution is hard.
=======
Git makes conflict resolution easy.
>>>>>>> theirs:sample.txt
And here is another line that is cleanly resolved or unmodified.
------------
In addition to the `<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>` markers, it uses
another `|||||||` marker that is followed by the original text. You can
tell that the original just stated a fact, and your side simply gave in to
that statement and gave up, while the other side tried to have a more
positive attitude. You can sometimes come up with a better resolution by
viewing the original.
HOW TO RESOLVE CONFLICTS
------------------------
After seeing a conflict, you can do two things:
* Decide not to merge. The only clean-ups you need are to reset
the index file to the `HEAD` commit to reverse 2. and to clean
up working tree changes made by 2. and 3.; 'git-reset --hard' can
be used for this.
* Resolve the conflicts. Git will mark the conflicts in
the working tree. Edit the files into shape and
'git-add' them to the index. Use 'git-commit' to seal the deal.
You can work through the conflict with a number of tools:
* Use a mergetool. 'git mergetool' to launch a graphical
mergetool which will work you through the merge.
* Look at the diffs. 'git diff' will show a three-way diff,
highlighting changes from both the HEAD and remote versions.
* Look at the diffs on their own. 'git log --merge -p <path>'
will show diffs first for the HEAD version and then the
remote version.
* Look at the originals. 'git show :1:filename' shows the
common ancestor, 'git show :2:filename' shows the HEAD
version and 'git show :3:filename' shows the remote version.
EXAMPLES
--------
* Merge branches `fixes` and `enhancements` on top of
the current branch, making an octopus merge:
+
------------------------------------------------
$ git merge fixes enhancements
------------------------------------------------
* Merge branch `obsolete` into the current branch, using `ours`
merge strategy:
+
------------------------------------------------
$ git merge -s ours obsolete
------------------------------------------------
* Merge branch `maint` into the current branch, but do not make
a new commit automatically:
+
------------------------------------------------
$ git merge --no-commit maint
------------------------------------------------
+
This can be used when you want to include further changes to the
merge, or want to write your own merge commit message.
+
You should refrain from abusing this option to sneak substantial
changes into a merge commit. Small fixups like bumping
release/version name would be acceptable.
SEE ALSO
--------
linkgit:git-fmt-merge-msg[1], linkgit:git-pull[1],
linkgit:gitattributes[5],
linkgit:git-reset[1],
linkgit:git-diff[1], linkgit:git-ls-files[1],
linkgit:git-add[1], linkgit:git-rm[1],
linkgit:git-mergetool[1]
Author
------
Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
Documentation
--------------
Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
GIT
---
Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
|
