aboutsummaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/Documentation/git-checkout.txt
blob: 8e2c0662ddd72c1bc0765aadbbafd22b62b5adf6 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
git-checkout(1)
===============

NAME
----
git-checkout - Switch branches or restore working tree files

SYNOPSIS
--------
[verse]
'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [<branch>]
'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] --detach [<branch>]
'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [--detach] <commit>
'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [[-b|-B|--orphan] <new_branch>] [<start_point>]
'git checkout' [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [<tree-ish>] [--] <paths>...
'git checkout' [-p|--patch] [<tree-ish>] [--] [<paths>...]

DESCRIPTION
-----------
Updates files in the working tree to match the version in the index
or the specified tree.  If no paths are given, 'git checkout' will
also update `HEAD` to set the specified branch as the current
branch.

'git checkout' <branch>::
	To prepare for working on <branch>, switch to it by updating
	the index and the files in the working tree, and by pointing
	HEAD at the branch. Local modifications to the files in the
	working tree are kept, so that they can be committed to the
	<branch>.
+
If <branch> is not found but there does exist a tracking branch in
exactly one remote (call it <remote>) with a matching name, treat as
equivalent to
+
------------
$ git checkout -b <branch> --track <remote>/<branch>
------------
+
You could omit <branch>, in which case the command degenerates to
"check out the current branch", which is a glorified no-op with a
rather expensive side-effects to show only the tracking information,
if exists, for the current branch.

'git checkout' -b|-B <new_branch> [<start point>]::

	Specifying `-b` causes a new branch to be created as if
	linkgit:git-branch[1] were called and then checked out.  In
	this case you can use the `--track` or `--no-track` options,
	which will be passed to 'git branch'.  As a convenience,
	`--track` without `-b` implies branch creation; see the
	description of `--track` below.
+
If `-B` is given, <new_branch> is created if it doesn't exist; otherwise, it
is reset. This is the transactional equivalent of
+
------------
$ git branch -f <branch> [<start point>]
$ git checkout <branch>
------------
+
that is to say, the branch is not reset/created unless "git checkout" is
successful.

'git checkout' --detach [<branch>]::
'git checkout' [--detach] <commit>::

	Prepare to work on top of <commit>, by detaching HEAD at it
	(see "DETACHED HEAD" section), and updating the index and the
	files in the working tree.  Local modifications to the files
	in the working tree are kept, so that the resulting working
	tree will be the state recorded in the commit plus the local
	modifications.
+
When the <commit> argument is a branch name, the `--detach` option can
be used to detach HEAD at the tip of the branch (`git checkout
<branch>` would check out that branch without detaching HEAD).
+
Omitting <branch> detaches HEAD at the tip of the current branch.

'git checkout' [-p|--patch] [<tree-ish>] [--] <pathspec>...::

	When <paths> or `--patch` are given, 'git checkout' does *not*
	switch branches.  It updates the named paths in the working tree
	from the index file or from a named <tree-ish> (most often a
	commit).  In this case, the `-b` and `--track` options are
	meaningless and giving either of them results in an error.  The
	<tree-ish> argument can be used to specify a specific tree-ish
	(i.e.  commit, tag or tree) to update the index for the given
	paths before updating the working tree.
+
'git checkout' with <paths> or `--patch` is used to restore modified or
deleted paths to their original contents from the index or replace paths
with the contents from a named <tree-ish> (most often a commit-ish).
+
The index may contain unmerged entries because of a previous failed merge.
By default, if you try to check out such an entry from the index, the
checkout operation will fail and nothing will be checked out.
Using `-f` will ignore these unmerged entries.  The contents from a
specific side of the merge can be checked out of the index by
using `--ours` or `--theirs`.  With `-m`, changes made to the working tree
file can be discarded to re-create the original conflicted merge result.

OPTIONS
-------
-q::
--quiet::
	Quiet, suppress feedback messages.

--[no-]progress::
	Progress status is reported on the standard error stream
	by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless `--quiet`
	is specified. This flag enables progress reporting even if not
	attached to a terminal, regardless of `--quiet`.

-f::
--force::
	When switching branches, proceed even if the index or the
	working tree differs from HEAD.  This is used to throw away
	local changes.
+
When checking out paths from the index, do not fail upon unmerged
entries; instead, unmerged entries are ignored.

--ours::
--theirs::
	When checking out paths from the index, check out stage #2
	('ours') or #3 ('theirs') for unmerged paths.
+
Note that during `git rebase` and `git pull --rebase`, 'ours' and
'theirs' may appear swapped; `--ours` gives the version from the
branch the changes are rebased onto, while `--theirs` gives the
version from the branch that holds your work that is being rebased.
+
This is because `rebase` is used in a workflow that treats the
history at the remote as the shared canonical one, and treats the
work done on the branch you are rebasing as the third-party work to
be integrated, and you are temporarily assuming the role of the
keeper of the canonical history during the rebase.  As the keeper of
the canonical history, you need to view the history from the remote
as `ours` (i.e. "our shared canonical history"), while what you did
on your side branch as `theirs` (i.e. "one contributor's work on top
of it").

-b <new_branch>::
	Create a new branch named <new_branch> and start it at
	<start_point>; see linkgit:git-branch[1] for details.

-B <new_branch>::
	Creates the branch <new_branch> and start it at <start_point>;
	if it already exists, then reset it to <start_point>. This is
	equivalent to running "git branch" with "-f"; see
	linkgit:git-branch[1] for details.

-t::
--track::
	When creating a new branch, set up "upstream" configuration. See
	"--track" in linkgit:git-branch[1] for details.
+
If no `-b` option is given, the name of the new branch will be
derived from the remote-tracking branch, by looking at the local part of
the refspec configured for the corresponding remote, and then stripping
the initial part up to the "*".
This would tell us to use "hack" as the local branch when branching
off of "origin/hack" (or "remotes/origin/hack", or even
"refs/remotes/origin/hack").  If the given name has no slash, or the above
guessing results in an empty name, the guessing is aborted.  You can
explicitly give a name with `-b` in such a case.

--no-track::
	Do not set up "upstream" configuration, even if the
	branch.autoSetupMerge configuration variable is true.

-l::
	Create the new branch's reflog; see linkgit:git-branch[1] for
	details.

--detach::
	Rather than checking out a branch to work on it, check out a
	commit for inspection and discardable experiments.
	This is the default behavior of "git checkout <commit>" when
	<commit> is not a branch name.  See the "DETACHED HEAD" section
	below for details.

--orphan <new_branch>::
	Create a new 'orphan' branch, named <new_branch>, started from
	<start_point> and switch to it.  The first commit made on this
	new branch will have no parents and it will be the root of a new
	history totally disconnected from all the other branches and
	commits.
+
The index and the working tree are adjusted as if you had previously run
"git checkout <start_point>".  This allows you to start a new history
that records a set of paths similar to <start_point> by easily running
"git commit -a" to make the root commit.
+
This can be useful when you want to publish the tree from a commit
without exposing its full history. You might want to do this to publish
an open source branch of a project whose current tree is "clean", but
whose full history contains proprietary or otherwise encumbered bits of
code.
+
If you want to start a disconnected history that records a set of paths
that is totally different from the one of <start_point>, then you should
clear the index and the working tree right after creating the orphan
branch by running "git rm -rf ." from the top level of the working tree.
Afterwards you will be ready to prepare your new files, repopulating the
working tree, by copying them from elsewhere, extracting a tarball, etc.

--ignore-skip-worktree-bits::
	In sparse checkout mode, `git checkout -- <paths>` would
	update only entries matched by <paths> and sparse patterns
	in $GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout. This option ignores
	the sparse patterns and adds back any files in <paths>.

-m::
--merge::
	When switching branches,
	if you have local modifications to one or more files that
	are different between the current branch and the branch to
	which you are switching, the command refuses to switch
	branches in order to preserve your modifications in context.
	However, with this option, a three-way merge between the current
	branch, your working tree contents, and the new branch
	is done, and you will be on the new branch.
+
When a merge conflict happens, the index entries for conflicting
paths are left unmerged, and you need to resolve the conflicts
and mark the resolved paths with `git add` (or `git rm` if the merge
should result in deletion of the path).
+
When checking out paths from the index, this option lets you recreate
the conflicted merge in the specified paths.

--conflict=<style>::
	The same as --merge option above, but changes the way the
	conflicting hunks are presented, overriding the
	merge.conflictStyle configuration variable.  Possible values are
	"merge" (default) and "diff3" (in addition to what is shown by
	"merge" style, shows the original contents).

-p::
--patch::
	Interactively select hunks in the difference between the
	<tree-ish> (or the index, if unspecified) and the working
	tree.  The chosen hunks are then applied in reverse to the
	working tree (and if a <tree-ish> was specified, the index).
+
This means that you can use `git checkout -p` to selectively discard
edits from your current working tree. See the ``Interactive Mode''
section of linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate the `--patch` mode.

--ignore-other-worktrees::
	`git checkout` refuses when the wanted ref is already checked
	out by another worktree. This option makes it check the ref
	out anyway. In other words, the ref can be held by more than one
	worktree.

<branch>::
	Branch to checkout; if it refers to a branch (i.e., a name that,
	when prepended with "refs/heads/", is a valid ref), then that
	branch is checked out. Otherwise, if it refers to a valid
	commit, your HEAD becomes "detached" and you are no longer on
	any branch (see below for details).
+
As a special case, the `"@{-N}"` syntax for the N-th last branch/commit
checks out branches (instead of detaching).  You may also specify
`-` which is synonymous with `"@{-1}"`.
+
As a further special case, you may use `"A...B"` as a shortcut for the
merge base of `A` and `B` if there is exactly one merge base. You can
leave out at most one of `A` and `B`, in which case it defaults to `HEAD`.

<new_branch>::
	Name for the new branch.

<start_point>::
	The name of a commit at which to start the new branch; see
	linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. Defaults to HEAD.

<tree-ish>::
	Tree to checkout from (when paths are given). If not specified,
	the index will be used.



DETACHED HEAD
-------------
HEAD normally refers to a named branch (e.g. 'master'). Meanwhile, each
branch refers to a specific commit. Let's look at a repo with three
commits, one of them tagged, and with branch 'master' checked out:

------------
	   HEAD (refers to branch 'master')
	    |
	    v
a---b---c  branch 'master' (refers to commit 'c')
    ^
    |
  tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')
------------

When a commit is created in this state, the branch is updated to refer to
the new commit. Specifically, 'git commit' creates a new commit 'd', whose
parent is commit 'c', and then updates branch 'master' to refer to new
commit 'd'. HEAD still refers to branch 'master' and so indirectly now refers
to commit 'd':

------------
$ edit; git add; git commit

	       HEAD (refers to branch 'master')
		|
		v
a---b---c---d  branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')
    ^
    |
  tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')
------------

It is sometimes useful to be able to checkout a commit that is not at
the tip of any named branch, or even to create a new commit that is not
referenced by a named branch. Let's look at what happens when we
checkout commit 'b' (here we show two ways this may be done):

------------
$ git checkout v2.0  # or
$ git checkout master^^

   HEAD (refers to commit 'b')
    |
    v
a---b---c---d  branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')
    ^
    |
  tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')
------------

Notice that regardless of which checkout command we use, HEAD now refers
directly to commit 'b'. This is known as being in detached HEAD state.
It means simply that HEAD refers to a specific commit, as opposed to
referring to a named branch. Let's see what happens when we create a commit:

------------
$ edit; git add; git commit

     HEAD (refers to commit 'e')
      |
      v
      e
     /
a---b---c---d  branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')
    ^
    |
  tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')
------------

There is now a new commit 'e', but it is referenced only by HEAD. We can
of course add yet another commit in this state:

------------
$ edit; git add; git commit

	 HEAD (refers to commit 'f')
	  |
	  v
      e---f
     /
a---b---c---d  branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')
    ^
    |
  tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')
------------

In fact, we can perform all the normal Git operations. But, let's look
at what happens when we then checkout master:

------------
$ git checkout master

	       HEAD (refers to branch 'master')
      e---f     |
     /          v
a---b---c---d  branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')
    ^
    |
  tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')
------------

It is important to realize that at this point nothing refers to commit
'f'. Eventually commit 'f' (and by extension commit 'e') will be deleted
by the routine Git garbage collection process, unless we create a reference
before that happens. If we have not yet moved away from commit 'f',
any of these will create a reference to it:

------------
$ git checkout -b foo   <1>
$ git branch foo        <2>
$ git tag foo           <3>
------------

<1> creates a new branch 'foo', which refers to commit 'f', and then
updates HEAD to refer to branch 'foo'. In other words, we'll no longer
be in detached HEAD state after this command.

<2> similarly creates a new branch 'foo', which refers to commit 'f',
but leaves HEAD detached.

<3> creates a new tag 'foo', which refers to commit 'f',
leaving HEAD detached.

If we have moved away from commit 'f', then we must first recover its object
name (typically by using git reflog), and then we can create a reference to
it. For example, to see the last two commits to which HEAD referred, we
can use either of these commands:

------------
$ git reflog -2 HEAD # or
$ git log -g -2 HEAD
------------

ARGUMENT DISAMBIGUATION
-----------------------

When there is only one argument given and it is not `--` (e.g. "git
checkout abc"), and when the argument is both a valid `<tree-ish>`
(e.g. a branch "abc" exists) and a valid `<pathspec>` (e.g. a file
or a directory whose name is "abc" exists), Git would usually ask
you to disambiguate.  Because checking out a branch is so common an
operation, however, "git checkout abc" takes "abc" as a `<tree-ish>`
in such a situation.  Use `git checkout -- <pathspec>` if you want
to checkout these paths out of the index.

EXAMPLES
--------

. The following sequence checks out the `master` branch, reverts
the `Makefile` to two revisions back, deletes hello.c by
mistake, and gets it back from the index.
+
------------
$ git checkout master             <1>
$ git checkout master~2 Makefile  <2>
$ rm -f hello.c
$ git checkout hello.c            <3>
------------
+
<1> switch branch
<2> take a file out of another commit
<3> restore hello.c from the index
+
If you want to check out _all_ C source files out of the index,
you can say
+
------------
$ git checkout -- '*.c'
------------
+
Note the quotes around `*.c`.  The file `hello.c` will also be
checked out, even though it is no longer in the working tree,
because the file globbing is used to match entries in the index
(not in the working tree by the shell).
+
If you have an unfortunate branch that is named `hello.c`, this
step would be confused as an instruction to switch to that branch.
You should instead write:
+
------------
$ git checkout -- hello.c
------------

. After working in the wrong branch, switching to the correct
branch would be done using:
+
------------
$ git checkout mytopic
------------
+
However, your "wrong" branch and correct "mytopic" branch may
differ in files that you have modified locally, in which case
the above checkout would fail like this:
+
------------
$ git checkout mytopic
error: You have local changes to 'frotz'; not switching branches.
------------
+
You can give the `-m` flag to the command, which would try a
three-way merge:
+
------------
$ git checkout -m mytopic
Auto-merging frotz
------------
+
After this three-way merge, the local modifications are _not_
registered in your index file, so `git diff` would show you what
changes you made since the tip of the new branch.

. When a merge conflict happens during switching branches with
the `-m` option, you would see something like this:
+
------------
$ git checkout -m mytopic
Auto-merging frotz
ERROR: Merge conflict in frotz
fatal: merge program failed
------------
+
At this point, `git diff` shows the changes cleanly merged as in
the previous example, as well as the changes in the conflicted
files.  Edit and resolve the conflict and mark it resolved with
`git add` as usual:
+
------------
$ edit frotz
$ git add frotz
------------

GIT
---
Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite